Political Parties And The Democratic Party Essay - 1340 Words

Introduction: Originally political parties were seen as skeptical by our Founding Fathers and therefore opposed. However, today our government has political parties. Political parties attempt to gain control of the government and influence its decisions. The two most influential parties in American government are the Republican and Democratic Party. These two parties have very contrasting beliefs which they present in their platforms. Democrats believe in â€Å"the need for intervention by government in the form of more and bigger programs† and agree that there must be fairness in government regulations and freedom of expression. Republicans however, have more conservative values and cultivate the importance of family and the efforts made by individuals. They, unlike the Democratic Party, prefer to keep the power out of the hands of the government. Political parties’ business and actions affect every American. Especially when the political party is governing and practicing its belief s. The structure of marriage, education, taxes, and defense spending are all topics that influence the daily lives of American individuals. That is why is it is important to know where each political party stands. Marriage and Family: Republicans describe marriage as â€Å"the union of one man and one woman† and their regulations revolve around these ideals. They state that children’s emotional and physical health is stronger when they are raised in a household with two parents. To Republicans, naturalShow MoreRelatedPolitical Parties And The Democratic Party984 Words   |  4 Pages When looking at the history of US political parties, and classifying these parties into distinct party systems, five separate periods emerge leading up to the current party system. When classifying these party systems, it is important to look at characteristics such as the number of major parties, how these parties seek to gain support, and how the parties organize themselves. The earliest American parties were relatively centralized organizations that represented elite level concerns. They formedRead MorePolitical Parties : The Democratic Party954 Words   |  4 PagesKelly Kidwiler Table 3 Essay on political parti es September 19, 2015 The Democratic Party today is facing many problems many of which, can be overcome. As the head of the Democratic Party I have solutions to the problems that we face as a party. The main obstacles that we face today include: increasing our voter turnout, attracting new millennial voters and securing the Latino vote in the upcoming election. If these issues are addressed we are on track to have a very successful election. TheRead MoreThe Political Party At The Democratic Party1264 Words   |  6 PagesInternet Assignment Political Party Research: 1. I am attracted to the Democratic Party. I took the political party quiz and answered the questions as honestly as I could. I found the questions to be very interesting and versatile. After viewing my results I looked into The Green Party some more. I am basically an environmentalist and believe taxes are affecting the lower classes and something needs to be done about it. I agreed with all of these issues. 2. The top 5 issues are jobs, families, healthRead MorePolitical Parties And The Democratic Party2072 Words   |  9 PagesEssay Throughout U.S. history there have been two political parties who compete against each other, in order to run the nation. These political parties are known as the Republican Party, commonly known as the Grand Old Party, and the Democratic Party. Each party has a symbol of representation, in particular the elephant symbolizes the Republican Party. Thomas Nast created this symbol to portray that the Republicans are strong and dignified. The party was founded through antislavery activist and theRead MorePolitical Parties And Democratic Parties1358 Words   |  6 PagesThe political party is an organization of people who share similar ideas about the way the country should be governed. Political parties perform important tasks in government. In fact, â€Å"political parties select candidates and check the other party. Political parties also inform the public. Most importantly, they organize the government† (Political Parties, n.d.). The history of U.S political parties begins with the Federalists and their opponents the Anti-Federalists who became the Democratic-RepublicansRead MorePolitical Parties And Democratic Parties2752 Words   |  12 Pages â€Å"A political party is defined as an organised group of people with at least roughly similar political aims and opinions, that seeks to influence public policy by getting its candidates elected to public office,† (Roles and Definition of Political Parties). A person’s opinions on certain issues helps categorize them into a party. There are many different political parties in the United States today, such as the Liberation Party, the Green Party, and the Independent Party. The two major politicalRead MoreDemocratic Parties Vs Political Parties888 Words   |  4 Pageslikely aware that many issues are often contested between two political parties called the Democrats and the Republicans. It is interesting to note that the practice of two political parties debating key issues has been in use since the very beginning of the United States government. At the beginning of the United States as an independent nation, opposing ideologies in Congress eventually developed i nto the Federalists and the Democratic Republicans. The issues of the day revolved around how to setRead MorePolitical Parties Of The United States : The Democratic And Republic Parties915 Words   |  4 Pages There are two main political parties that dominate politics in the in the United States: The Democratic and Republic Parties. It turns out that these two political parties are opposed to each other on a wide range of issues that affect American public life. Unfortunately, many Americans are unaware of these differences between the two parties and tend to vote their officials into office in an uneducated manner. This often results in the political gridlock that often characterize government businessRead MoreThe Political Positions Of The Democratic And Republican Parties Essay1620 Words   |  7 PagesThis comparison will be examining the differences between the policies and political positions of the Democratic and Republican parties on the major issues that or government is having such as the healthcare, the role of government, gun control, entitlements, immigration, taxes, abortion and gay rights and many other issues that or country is going throw. These two parties are the most powerful in America s political landscape but differ greatly in their philosophies and ideals. In which DemocratRead MoreThe Democratic Party Is One Of The Two Major Contemporary Political Parties1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, they believe in Equality, freedom of speech, clean environments they also support health care and women’s right to choose. If one was going to choose to run for the United States Senator there are many hurdles you have to go through before you even start the process of being nominated, organizing the campaigns and even mobilizing it to be heard. Becoming a senator like much of anything takes a good

A Proposal For A Resume - 884 Words

The purpose of this proposal is to gain permission to continue researching the topic of how to build a resume, what stands out to employers, and what will disqualify a resume. This proposal introduces the topic by discussing the problem and providing a solution. It will also provide the scope of the report, the research methods, my qualifications, my work plan to complete the report, and a draft of the reports table of contents. Introduction How to create a resume is not a skill that is taught very often anymore but it is a skill that is expected. Expecting people to create a resume when they have no clue how to does not work. Often people will find a template from the internet or word but employers can tell if a person uses a template. Those templates give suggestion to what to fill in but people who either don’t have much work experience, are shy about their skills, or simply do not know what to put down are at loss to what they should be putting down and what they should not. This report will address how to avoid those issues. Statement of Problem Creating and having a resume is something that is expected of people in today’s society but rarely are people actually taught how to create a resume. High school is suppose to prepare the youth for the world but how to create a resume is something that is not taught in any of the classes that a student is required to take. There are templates online or in word but often students/people have no clue what to actually put inShow MoreRelatedSample Resume : Customer Service Training Proposal Essay1676 Words   |  7 Pages Customer Service Training Proposal For GetYourStuff.com 43 North East Street, Campbell Submitted to: Daniel Joseph Director-Customer Service Submitted by: Stephen Josh Team Lead-Customer Service Read MoreHow Marketing On Your Customer986 Words   |  4 Pagesand proposal library will have eights parts. Per Dr. Osborne, the following are copies of previous proposals, proposal database organized by topic, graphics database organized by topic, resumes for key personnel, past and current performance database, lessons-learned database, competitive database, and marketing information database. By having copies of previous proposals which is all communication and everything that has to do this the proposal will allow you to review for future proposals andRead MoreHr Recruitment Selection Assignment 11457 Words   |  6 PagesDIVISIONAL HR MANAGER ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANTS (4) Recruitment and Selection Proposal HUMAN RESOURCES Recruitment and Selection (HRM782) Assignment 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 3: Introduction Page 4: Proposed Job Advertisement Page 5: Selection Report Page 6: Resume Characteristics Report Page 8: Endnotes Page 9: Bibliography INTRODUCTION Successful candidates for the position of HR AdministrativeRead MoreCareer Goals For A Professional Career Goal976 Words   |  4 PagesCreating a professional career goal statement can significantly impact a resume. According to (Starzee, 2012) a professional career goal statement allows the candidate an opportunity to provide the employer a synopsis of the value they intend to bring to the organization. Below is a professional goal statement for a Client Relationship Professional: Engaging Client Relations Manager adept at evolving complex client proposals. Expertly skilled in various business operations including client billingRead MoreTraining Proposal: Microsoft Office Programs1154 Words   |  5 Pages Request for proposals to train users in Microsoft Office Programs Background information on the Company Miller Inc. was founded in 1982 it is an engineering company specializing in provision of structural designs to builders and architects. We are the largest privately owned company in the structural engineering field. We have a vast experience in designs and building structures. Our motto is build 1 thing in 1000 ways, and we have always endeavored to do our business following in this mottoRead MoreWhy You re Seeking Your Resume771 Words   |  4 PagesQualifications Revise your resume. Before starting job hunting, ensure your resume will be as complete or over-to-date as you can. Your resume is an important distillation of who you are, in places you originate from, and what you can offer. Here are some tips to consider: Never constitute info on a resume it can return to haunt you later. Look at a various recent, relevant job descriptions. Use similar language to spell out your talent and accomplishments all on your own resume. Use active verbs. WhenRead MoreEssay about Comparative Analysis965 Words   |  4 Pages Sanfillippo July 29, 2013 University of Phoenix Communication Genre Comparative Analysis Introduction Public administrators use many communication genres to reach their audiences. These genres range from business cards to governmental proposals. Each one has its own purpose. Each one has its own way of getting information to the audience quickly and efficiently. Each one has been affected by technology. Each has its own discourse conventions associated with it. And each has its ownRead MorePm 598 Course Proj Part 1 Essay1223 Words   |  5 PagesRequest for Proposal Template Name of the RFP Topic you chose. A New Practice Field Bolden’s Sports Entertainment Incorporation 1218 Alabama Avenue, Selma Alabama. Company phone (optional) Distribution List (optional) TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INSTRUCTIONS TO BIDDERS 4 1.1. GeneralRead MoreThe Course Description And Learning Objectives Of The Syllabus Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pageswordiness and as you mentioned in the returned comments, I have good skills at taking the fluff out of a message to make it clearer and more concise, which is important in any form of writing. It is especially important in the future when I am preparing proposals and documents for my employer or for those that I am working with. Clear and concise writing save time and increases efficiency. In this portfolio, I was also able to demonstrate that I can apply the principles of design in creating a flyer. ForRead MoreJob Description Memo1316 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscuss the differences and similarities I have identified between my resume and selected job description. I intend to develop a plan for improving my marketability in the sports management job market. To achieve this goal, I will compare my resume with the selected job description, discussing and identifying the gaps between my resume and job description, and discussing detailed strategies to close these gaps. 1. Comparison of Resume to Selected Job/Internship Description While searching for available

How prejudices in 1930s America are reflected in the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example For Students

How prejudices in 1930s America are reflected in the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird Essay In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, we see many types of prejudice, the first example that we meet comes in chapter one when Scout tell us her family history. In England Simon was irritated by the persecution of those who called themselves Methodists at the hands of their more liberal brethren. This quotation shows how the English people were prejudice against the Methodists. There is more evidence of religious intolerance later in the book when Miss Maudy scorns the foot-washing Baptists. Apart from religious intolerance, the two other main types of prejudice that we encouter throughout the book, are racism and prejudice against different classes. These types of prejudice strongly reflect the situation in the Southern states of America in the 1930s. Scout, is six years old at the beginning of this novel, and her brother Jem, is ten. Even though she is so young, Scout manages to portray the sense that Maycomb feels bitter and isolated after the Civil War, over fifty years earlier. The isolation, and how the town feels, reflects the way many places in the Southern states felt at that time. This quote tells us how the residents of Maycomb feel. There was no hurry, for there was nowhere to go, nothing to buy and no money to buy it with, nothing to see outside the boundaries of Maycomb County. The people from these isolated places gradually became prejudice towards outsiders. In the book this becomes clear in the way the children react to new school teacher. This says I am Miss Caroline Fisher. I am from North Alabama, from Winston County. The class murmured apprehensively should she prove to harbour her share of peculiarities indigenous to that region. All of these prejudices seem to stem from ignorance and fear of other societies. In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, the settings reflect and contradict 1930s American society in many ways, the most obvious contradiction is the way that nearly all of the blacks are betrayed as being perfect. The exception to this is Lula. When Calpurnia takes Jem and Scout to First Purchase African M. E. Church, Lula is the first to greet with, what you up to, Miss Cal? This shows how she respects Calpurnia, but does not like the fact that she brought two white children to a Negro church. This contradicts society at the time, as not all black people were perfect, they did have their faults like Lula. Harper Lee portrays the blacks as intelligent people, where as at the time, they were thought of as ignorant, immoral and lazy. The Negroes, in comparison to the white Ewells who live on the dump, and have never done an honest days work in their lives, are really as the author portrays them and the Ewells are the ignorant, immoral and lazy ones. More evidence of this comes during Toms trial and Scout, Jem and Dill are in the black balcony. Reverend Sykes came puffing behind us, and steered us gently through the black people in the balcony. Four Negroes rose and gave us their front row seats. The black people respect their Vicar and the white children that are accompanying him, unlike the Ewells who respect no one. The racism that the white people show towards the blacks, makes even the children feel that it is bad for whites to like Negroes. An early example of this is at Christmas, at Finchs Landing when Scout, Jem, Atticus and Uncle Jack are visiting Francis, Aunt Alexandra and Uncle Jimmy. Francis and Scout are talking and Francis says, I guess it aint your fault if Uncle Atticus is a nigger-lover Grandma says its bad enough he lets you all run wild, but now hes turned out a nigger-lover well never be able to walk the streets of Maycomb again. Even at her age, Scout is able to tell that this is not a good name to be called. Not all of the racism that the children encounter in the book comes from the other children, some of it is from the teachers at school, an example of this is when Scout is in the third grade and her teacher is Miss Gates, in class she describes Hitlers persecution of the Jews as wrong but is racist herself. This quotation comes from Scout when she is talking to Jem about Miss Gates. Jem, how can you hate Hitler so bad an then turn around and be ugly about folks right at home- Not all of the characters of this novel are racist, those who are not include Judge Taylor, Miss Maudy, and Atticus. The Chrysanthemums EssayI fixed it. You tell him Im proud to get it. Atticus was deliberately asked to take on Toms case as the Judge felt that Tom Robinson was innocent and he knew that Atticus would fight his hardest to prove that he was. Judge Taylor knows that even if Atticus knows that he is going to loose, he will do his best anyway. He talks about having courage as, its when you know your licked before you begin and you begin anyway. After managing to keep the jury out for so long and the verdict of guilty, a reader of Harper Lees novel would have thought that Bob Ewell would have had his share of attention, but unfortunately not. The day after the trial, he sees Atticus in town and spits in his face, the three children do not know of this until they see Miss Stephanie in their street. It was Miss Stephanies pleasure to tell us: this morning Mr Bob Ewell stopped Atticus on the post office corner, spat in his face, and told him hed get him if it took the rest of his life. Again proving the hazards of trying to be impartial in a town like Maycomb. Atticus is not the only non-racist person in the town, but the others do not do anything about it, though they respect and appreciate what he does. One of these people is the Finchs neighbour, Miss Maudy, who, just after the trial of Tom Robinson, is talking to Jem and Scout about the racism in their town, and how Atticus has changed it. I waited and waited to see you come down the sidewalk, and as I waited I thought, Atticus Finch wont win, he cant win, but hes the only one in these parts that can keep a jury out for so long in a case like that. And I thought to myself, well, were making a step- its just a baby step, but its a step. In the course of history, not just in America, there has been much racism, Atticus, though a fictional character does his bit to try and prevent it, there are other people that were real that did this to. Most of these people were blacks, fighting for their own rights, such as Martin Luther King, but there were a few white men, like Atticus, fighting for Negroes rights. Donald Woods, lived in South Africa with his family, and supported the black populations, he wrote columns supporting blacks in local newspapers and eventually had to flee South Africa to neighbouring Lesotho. He did this after receiving many threats, and also a t-shirt with Steve Biko written on that burned his five year old daughter when she put it on, as it was treated with acid. Steve Biko was the leader of the black people in South Africa who died whilst in the hands of the government. This shows that through history there were other people like the fictional character of Atticus Finch who supported blacks. In this novel and in life in the 1930s Southern States of America, racism and prejudice faced people all of the time, but some tried to change this, in To Kill a Mockingbird, the character that does this is Atticus. He is trys to bring equality to the town of Maycomb. Miss Maudy is right when she says that Atticus has made a tiny step, he proved Tom Robinson innocent enough to keep the jury out for a long time. But there is one quote that sums up societyat the time, and it comes from Jem. You know something, Scout? Ive got it all figured out, now. Ive thought about it a lot lately and Ive got it figured out. Theres four kinds of folk in the world. Theres the ordinary people like us and the neighbours, theres the kind like the Cunninghams out in the woods, theres the kind like the Ewells don at the dump and the Negoes.

An Introduction to Consumer Behaviour Essay Sample free essay sample

This debut to consumer behavior will supply the background information necessary for the survey of consumer behavior. with respect to its nature. definition. development. consumer determination devising procedures. research methods. market cleavage and relationship selling. Through this it will research the features of consumer behavior and the major constructs in the survey of consumer behavior. In an ever- changing environment. the survey of consumer behavior will accommodate and alter. nevertheless this paper aims to supply an overview that may be considered the dateless history in theories about consumer behavior. Changing engineerings means that new signifiers of consumer behavior surveies are undertaken. and as Schiffman A ; Kanuk province ‘†¦new ways of merchandising merchandises and services became available to consumers during the past 15 old ages and are the consequence of digital technologies†¦and they exist today because they reflect an understand of cons umer demands and consumer behaviour’ . ( Schiffman A ; Kanuk. 2008 ) This paper aims to spread out on that point. and display illustrations of how consumer behavior surveies are undertaken in the twenty-first century. Specifying Consumer Behavior Consumer Behavior can be described as ‘The behavior that consumers display in seeking for. buying. utilizing. measuring and disposing of merchandises. services and ideas’ ( Schiffman A ; Kanuk. 2008 ) They go on to province that it is best described as ‘what people buy. why they buy. when they buy. where they buy. how frequently they buy. how frequently they use it. how they evaluate it after purchase and how they dispose of it. ’ ( Ibid ) It includes the survey of the determination doing procedure that people go through when make up ones minding whether to see a merchandise. service or thought. In add-on. it involves the seller. or the individual behind the survey of consumer behavior. who may utilize these surveies to promote the gross revenues of goods. services or thoughts. Moneesha Pachauri. of Nottingham University Business School provinces in ‘The Marketing Review. 2002’ that ‘simple observation provides limited penetration into th e complex nature of consumer pick and research workers have progressively sought the more sophisticated constructs and methods of probe provided by behavioural scientific disciplines in order to understand. predict. and perchance command consumer behaviour more efficaciously. ’ This statement can be married to the thought of the selling construct. which frequently goes manus in manus with consumer behavior. When sing consumer behavior. one must admit the two types of general consumer that exist. The personal consumer is purchasing for his/ her ain utilizations. This may be extended into family usage or gifts. Contrary to this. the Organizational Consumer consists of companies. charities. authorities bureaus and establishments that but merchandises in order to run their administrations. The manner of consumer behavior for each of these differs. but for the intent of this paper. we will analyze the personal consumer. The consumer goes through procedures which allow the act of ingestion to be evaluated from the point of job acknowledgment to the station purchase actions. These may be described through the consumer determination doing procedure. CONSUMER DECISION MAKING PROCESS The procedure that a consumer goes through when make up ones minding what or whether to consumer. This lies beneath the act of doing a purchase. and may be attributed to the psychological nucleus of the individual. The procedure includes seven stairss which consumers go through earlier doing a purchase. Step one may be described as ‘problem recognition’ . As the chief get downing factor of the determination devising procedure. it requires in depth analysis and research. Problem acknowledgment conjures the thought that jobs merely exist when we recognize them. Hoyer and MacInnis describe the job acknowledgment phase as ‘the perceived difference between an ideal and an existent province. ’ ( Hoyer A ; MacInnis. 2008 ) . The ideal province in this context refers to the manner the consumer wants things were. An illustration of this may be the want for a nice house or auto. In comparing to this. the existent province refers to how life truly is. or how the consu mer positions it. Examples would so be ‘this house is excessively old’ or ‘my auto is non fast enough’ . It is the acknowledgment of the existent province and ideal province that leads a consumer to the phase of job acknowledgment. It is within the job acknowledgment phase that the psychological job work outing discrepancies are considered. These include Extended. Routine and Limited job work outing. and the degree of committedness lending to each may or may non take to buy. In add-on. psychological and functional demands may be defined within this procedure. As a psychological demand the consumer feels personal satisfaction associated with a merchandise or service. Conversely. the functional demands refer to the public presentation of said merchandise or service. Phase two of the consumer determination doing procedure is referred to as the ‘Internal Search’ . This phase necessitate the consumer to dig into their memory. and hunt for replies in the long term memory. This may take to a remembrance of advertizements or utilizations in advancement that the consumer has acknowledged and stored. The external hunt follows this in the outside hunt for information. Communicating with others for advice and their internal cognition furthers the consumers desire to buy. The rating procedure so allows you to take these things you have learned and organize an attitude or sentiment on it. The creative activity of either a positive or negative sentiment will so take you to intention. The ‘say-do dichotomy’ of the state of affairs is examined during this phase. as the consumer has made a determination in their caput about whether or non they will carry through purchase. It is non the act of buying. but the psychological credence of t he merchandise service or thought. The 6th measure of purchase is the act itself. In Ireland. this phase is of all time altering. as new engineerings allow on-line buying and factors such as biotechnologies of a store no longer consequence the determination devising procedure. However. stores such as IKEA show that this purchase determination has physically effected the concern. even down to shop layout. The concluding phase involves cognitive disagreement. It is the station purchase rating of your merchandise or service. This allows the consumer to experience satisfaction or compunction in their purchase. and will take to an increased cognition for farther purchases. By measuring these seven stairss in the consumer determination doing procedure. sellers may raise ways to pull strings consumers by appealing to their determination devising procedure. Philip Kotler’s ‘Behavioral Models for Analyzing Buyers’ contains a figure that allows us to analyze the procedure of pre to post purchase analysis. utilizing a survey of how the inputs of purchasing influences. and the channels of obtaining information may take to buying responses. This may besides be referred to the ‘black box model’ as it explores the buyer’s head. ( K otler. 1965 ) When researching an debut to consumer behavior. it is of import to first see the consumer. Through the determination devising procedure and the ‘black box’ theoretical account. we have examined some of the psychological procedures consumers go through when buying. In add-on to this. there are 7 keys to consumer behavior. These are a manner for sellers to understand the best possible ways they can act upon consumers and to understand their penchants and behaviors. 7 KEYS TO CONSUMER BEHAVIOURM- MOTIVATION( Functional ) The merchandises public presentation proves a ground for the client to make up ones mind to purchase it. ( Self Expressive ) The consumer’s behavior is judged by their demand to show their feelings and desires. They want to demo something approximately themselves as an person. Examples of this may be the Apple vs. PC argument. Apple users feel that having a Mac says something approximately them as an person. ( Mix of Motivation ) Consumers buy a merchandise for multiple reasons- visual aspect. public presentation and the image it gives the proprietor all come together. An illustration of this might be the buying of a auto. The consumer might seek for something dependable. broad. and good looking. A- ACTIVITIES This includes cognitive actions such as believing about the merchandise. visual image. observations and analyzing. These besides include physical activities. or making the action. These would include talking to a sales representative. seeking on a jacket. taking a auto for a trial thrust. and paying for something. The concluding factor would be how the consumer uses the merchandise. This would include either positive or negative experiences. P- Procedure These can be related back to the activities a individual goes through. It is the pre-purchase. purchase. and post-purchase phase of the consumer’s relationship with the merchandise. ( Pre-purchase ) From the consumer’s position this would include. how does the consumer decide that they need the merchandise? Where can the consumer learn about alternate options? The marketer’s position during this procedure would oppugn how the consumers attitudes or sentiments of the merchandise are formed or changed? How do consumers make up ones mind whether a merchandise is superior to another or non. An illustration in this economic clime would be Lidl and Aldi’s usage of advertisement. They are cognizant that consumer’s do non desire to pay more for similar merchandises. so the usage of an advertizement comparing the two merchandises by criterion and pricing allows consumer’s to believe they are having the same quality at a lower monetary value. ( Purchas e Activities ) During this phase the consumer is traveling through the procedure of either a pleasant or nerve-racking experience with the merchandise. Customer service criterions and biotechnologies one time once more come into drama when consumer’s see the emotional fond regard. As Tim Manners provinces in ‘The Empowered Shopper’ . ‘They [ the consumer ] may besides happen inspiration in the signifier of merchandise use thoughts. promotional offers. or other merchandises or trade names that they had non considered before. A positive shopping experience will reenforce the consumer’s committedness to both the trade name and the retail merchant. ( Post-Purchase Activities ) From the consumer’s position. this phase inquiries whether the merchandise provides pleasance. Does it make the occupation it was intended to make. and how will the consumer dispose of the merchandise? Each stage links to either the strengthening or weakening of the trade name in the consum er’s head. and hence marketer’s guarantee that a positive reaction is fulfilled. T- Timing Clocking examines how long the determination devising procedure takes topographic point. and the figure of activities involved in doing the determination. R- ROLESWhen a consumer is buying a merchandise or service. they are playing different psychological functions. These may include functions ‘as shopper. as picker. as communicator. as character adventurer. as pleasance searcher. as Rebel. as victim. as militant. and as citizen. ’ ( Thomas. 1997 ) Solomon et al describe in their book. Consumer Behaviour: A European Perspective. that ‘since people act out many different functions. they may modify their ingestion determinations harmonizing to the peculiar ‘play’ they are in at the clip. ( Solomon et al. 2010 ) Slide 9 in Appendix 1 contains more information on these functions. I- Influence Influences can be described as things that persuade the consumer to see a merchandise or service in a peculiar visible radiation. Three types of influences that may happen are external influences. internal procedures ( including consumer determination devising ) and post- determination procedures. ( Noel. 2009 ) Examples of internal influences would include the consumer’s life style. category. music manners. sub-culture. household. or the type of media they consume. External influences would be recognized as values. civilization and the people that surround them. Noel goes on to province. ‘External influences. such as a consumer’s civilization. have a direct impact on their internal. psychological procedures and other factors that lead to different consumer determinations being made. For case. a consumer’s faith could impact on their attitudes towards eating beef or other types of meat ; or their age could impact on their ability to comprehend fast-moving objects in certain telecasting commercials. ’ ( Noel. 2009 ) P- PeoplesThe universe of consumers. similar to the universe in general. is made up of many different types of people. Theorists such as Jung and Durkheim discuss the thought of a corporate consciousness. and how the media is making a set of shared beliefs within society. When sing the ‘people’ in consumer behavior. it would be considered a marketer’s dream for a ‘one size tantrums all’ bundle to consumers. However. tools such as market cleavage show us that consumers come in different forms and sizes. and hence must be studied and grouped harmonizing to their similar involvements. Market SEGMENTATIONContinuing to analyze the consumers themselves. market cleavage is a tool used by sellers to set up who their consumers are. based on similar features in their external and internal influences. An illustration of this in usage would be the advertizements shown on the side of your Facebook page. They are aimed at you specifically based on your gender. age. birthday. location. ‘likes’ and involvements. relationship position. linguistic communication. instruction. workplace. connexions and even friends of connexions. ( Dunnay. Krueger A ; Elad. 2010 ) In the 3rd edition of Solomon et al’s Consumer Behaviour: A European Perspective. they supply a chart depicting market cleavage under the headers of ‘category’ and ‘variable’ . ( Solomon et al. 2006 ) Schiffman. Hansen and Kanuk describe marketing cleavage in relation to the selling construct in their book ‘Consumer Behaviour: A European Outlook’ . They province that the selling construct has been split into several alternate attacks. referred to ‘the production construct. the merchandise construct and the merchandising construct. The three major strategic tools of marketing are market cleavage. aiming and positioning’ . ( Schiffman et al. 2008 ) This shows the importance of the relationship between consumers and sellers. as sellers continue to research consumer behavior utilizing these schemes. CONSUMER RESEARCH Similar to marketing research. consumer research exists within two paradigms. the qualitative and the quantitative. Consumer Research contains a six measure procedure. Specify the aims of the research Roll uping and measuring secondary informationsPlaning a primary research surveyRoll uping primary informationsAnalyzing the informationFixing a study on the findings.( Rifatbabu. 2010 )The two most indispensable attacks to consumer research are positivism and interpretivism. In a positivism attack. the research worker regards the consumer behavior subject as an applied selling scientific discipline. ( Ibid ) This signifier of research is quantitative. and anticipations are made about the actions the consumer will take. Contrary to this. the station modern interpretivist position looks more into the ingestion of goods. instead than merely the purchasing of goods. Once once more the external and internal influences. and the consumer determination doing procedure comes into both of these attacks. The chart below shows the contrast between the rationalist and interpretivist attack. ( Rifabatu. 2010 ) KOTLER’S 5 KEY THEORISTSIn the 29th edition of the Journal of Marketing. theoretician Philip Kotler presented the thought that the survey of consumer behavior may be described in five ways. harmonizing to the 5 cardinal theoreticians. Each theoretician took a different position on consumer behavior surveies. including the economic. larning. psychological. societal and the personal organizational consumer. The theoreticians included in these schools of idea are Alfred Marshall. Ivan Pavlov. Sigmund Freud. Thorstein Veblen and Thomas Hobbs severally. A line from each. depicting their school of idea. may sum up their theory separately. Marshallian Model – Harmonizing to this theory ‘the consumers are assumed to be rational and witting about economic computations. They follow the jurisprudence of fringy public-service corporation. An single purchaser seeks to pass his money on such goods which give maximal satisfaction ( public-service corporation ) harmonizing to his involvements and at comparative cost. ’ ( MBA-Marketing. 2008 ) Pavlovian Model- ‘Learning is an associatory procedure that contains four cardinal constructs: thrust. cue. response. and reinforcement’ ( Michman et al. 2003 ) This theoretical account is frequently associated with Pavlov’s experiment in developing a Canis familiaris to eat at the sound of a whistling. Freudian Model- This theoretical account is based on Freud’s theories of the Id. Ego and Superego. The theoretical account suggests that the Id would drive consumers to want merchandises. stressing the subconscious motives for devouring. Veblenian Model- Suggests that consumers are effected by their societal influences. Michman states ‘†¦the impact of present group ranks and aspired group ranks is stressed†¦conspicuous ingestion operates in the purchase†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ( Michman et al. 2003 ) Hobbesian Model- Hobbs suggests that the organizational consumer is besides a personal consumer. ‘The purchaser has private purposes. and yet he tries to make a satisfactory occupation for his corporation. ’ ( Karp. 1974 ) Relationship Sellingâ€Å"Mass advertisement can assist construct trade names. but genuineness is what makes them last. If people believe they portion values with a company. they will remain loyal to the trade name. † ( Schultz. 2012 ) The quotation mark above. from Howard Schultz’s book ‘Pour Your Heart Into It: How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time’ . can learn sellers that there is more to the survey of consumer behavior than merely selling. As a consumer. they want a connexion with their purchase. and companies may take to admit and provide this connexion through relationship selling. Palmatier tells us that the definition of marketing itself had been updated by the American Marketing Association in 2004. Selling is now defined as ‘an organisational map and a set of procedures for making. communication. and presenting value to clients and for pull offing client relationships in ways that benefit the organisation and its stakeholders’ . ( Palmatier. 2008 ) As you may see. an accent has been added to the direction of client relationships. and this is no surprise as invention in the past 20 old ages has changed the function of marketing drastically. Relationship selling allows for the care of a strong relationship between concern and consumer. It besides works as traditional selling does. by pulling new consumers into their market. This may be achieved in many ways. such as gift cards. trueness cards or charity competitions. An illustration of the success could be the Supervalu concatenation in Ireland. The trueness card allows consumers to derive points. and provides price reduction vacations upon a certain figure of points. This assures Supervalu clients that they are having more than merely good service and low-cost shopping. and allows them to experience like a portion of the Supervalu community. Another usage for the client trueness card is the usage of database selling. These databases allow sellers to analyze which merchandises are selling. and shows the clients personal penchant of merchandise. In return for the clients engagement. they receive direct selling that is important to them. For illustration. Tesco Club card users receive monthly vouchers on points they have often bought. As discussed earlier. Facebook advertisement and Youtube advertisement entreaty straight to the consumer. as they examine their involvements and gustatory sensation and advertise merchandises they might be interested in. In a technological age. the usage of societal networking has changed the universe of selling. The usage of Facebook and Twitter are common among big and little companies. as they may portion the page among friends. or hold competitions to affect the consumer. The diagram below shows the relevant figure of societal characteristics that sites usage. It is a strong representation of the altering times in selling. and allows us to analyze how some Irish companies are utilizing societal characteristics on their e-commerce site. Diagram: ( O’Toole. 2011 ) The survey of consumer behavior extends into many more elaborate Fieldss. nevertheless. this paper has aimed to research the introductory points necessary for the cognition of consumer behavior. The relationship between consumer and seller continues to be examined. and new methods of research will go on to be formed. In an advanced age. the universe of consumer behavior is increasingly atilt towards the add-on of the cyberspace. including societal networking and e-commerce. Sellers will go on to utilize ethical signifiers of advertisement to make popular civilization. taking to successful concern. Mentions Dunay. P. Krueger. R. Elad. J. ( 2011 ) Facebook Advertising for Dummies. Wiley Publishing. Inc. New Jersey. Icmrindia ( no author/ twelvemonth ) Consumers Behavior. Accessed from:hypertext transfer protocol: //www. icmrindia. org/courseware/Consumer % 20Behavior/CBC06. htmRetrieved: February. 2013 Karp. R. ( 1974 ) Issues in Marketing. p. 64. Ardent Media Kaur. R. ( 2012 ) Unit 1- Consumer Behaviour and Marketing Action. Accessed From: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. slideshare. net/tamana2223/7008203-consumerbehaviourRetrieved: February. 2013 Kotler. P. ( 1965 ) Behavioral Models for Analyzing Buyers. Journal of selling. Vol. 29 pgs. 37-45 Michman. R. Mazze. E. Greco. A. ( 2003 ) Lifestyle Selling: Reaching the New American Consumer. Greenwood Publishing Group. MBA-Marketing ( 2008 ) Consumer Behaviour: Lesson 5. Consumer Behaviour Models. Accessed From: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. scribd. com/doc/7008203/57/ECONOMIC-OR-MARSHALLIAN-MODEL Retrieved: February. 2013 Noel. H. ( 2009 ) Basics Marketing 01: Consumer Behaviour. AVA Publishing O’Toole. A. ( 2011 ) How sociable is Irish E-Commerce? Rifatbabu ( 2010 ) Consumer Research. Accessed From: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. slideshare. net/rifatbabu/consumer-resarchRetrieved: February. 2013 Schiffman. L. Hansen. H. Kanuk. L. ( 2008 ) Consumer Behaviour: A European Outlook. 9th Ed. Pearson Education. Solomon. M. Bamossy. G. Hogg. M. K. ( 2006 ) Consumer Behaviour: A European Perspective. 3rd Ed. Prentice Hall. England. Solomon. M. Bamossy. G. Askegaard. S. ( 2010 ) Consumer Behaviour: A European Perspective. 4th Ed. Pearson Education. Thomas. M. J. ( 1997 ) Consumer Market Research: Does it hold cogency? MCB University Press.

Getting optimum location of movable shading for a parked car Essay Example

Getting optimum location of movable shading for a parked car Essay Chapter ONE Introduction 1. Introduction The auto is one of the major transit that is used by human day-to-day. Harmonizing to the study by Plunkett Research, there were 806 million autos and light trucks on the route in 2007. After we use our auto, we need to park our auto someplace that is auto park in close country or unfastened infinite auto park. Majority of the auto will be parked park under the Sun. As a consequence, the auto will be heated up by the Sun. From the base on balls experiment carried out by Syamal bin Mohd ( 2004 ) , the maximal temperature recorded was 61AÂ °C. This temperature could easy kill a kid or pets when left inside the auto. For working people, usually they will park their auto for at least 8 hr from forenoon to eventide. So, their auto will be heated during this long hr. When they enter their auto subsequently on, they will be uncomfortable due to the deficiency of thermic comfort. Thermal comfort is the motive of human to happen certain clime state of affairs that can allow them experience pleasance ( 1 ) . Hence, auto proprietor use several ways to cut down the heat in auto compartment such as tinted the Windowss broad screen with movie or coating, shadowing devices, replaced the Windowss with photo-gray dark glassess or parked their auto under shaded country. 1.1. Problem statement We will write a custom essay sample on Getting optimum location of movable shading for a parked car specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Getting optimum location of movable shading for a parked car specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Getting optimum location of movable shading for a parked car specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Malaysia is a really hot state with an mean temperature of 32-33 AÂ °C ( 2 ) . For a auto parked under the Sun, the auto internal temperature will raise up to 61 AÂ °C as recorded by Syamal bin Mohd in 2004. Babies and immature kids in such an environmental will rapidly go dehydrated and acquire heat shot and encephalon amendss within few hours. So it is highly unsafe to go forth baby, kids, handicapped people, aged or pets in parked auto. The figure of decease of kids left in autos due to inordinate heat from 1998-2009 in the United States is 441 ( 3 ) .In Malaysia, a small miss who is left in auto dice due to utmost temperature and deficiency of airing ( 4 ) . 1.2. Aim The aim of this undertaking is to acquire the optimal location of movable shadowing for a parked auto. 1.3. Scope and restriction This undertaking will be carried out in University Putra Malaysia by utilizing merely one type of auto that is Proton Saga 1.3 L. Merely one type of the movable shading devices will be used excessively. The experiment will be run during January and February of 2010. 1.4. Undertaking outlook Through the terminal of the undertaking, we will cognize the optimal manner of seting the shading devices. So, this will assist the auto proprietor to cut down the auto temperature. Chapter TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. Heat As a consequence of the temperatures different between one organic structure and another organic structure, the signifier of energy which is transferred between them is called heat. Heat will ever reassign from higher temperature to take down temperature until both temperatures are equal. When the temperatures are equal between both organic structures, no heat transportation will take topographic points. Therefore, heat is merely ephemeral energy as it appears during the procedure. It is mentioned when it cross boundary between two different temperatures objects. The flow of heat energy will do an addition of internal energy in a organic structure and lessening of internal energy. The internal energy mentioned is non heat. The unit for heat in the International System of Units SI ( SI unit ) is joule ( J ) , while the United States still uses British Thermal Unit and the Calorie. ( 5 ) 2.1. Temperature In a general affair, temperature is a measuring of hot and cold. Something that feels cold has lowers temperature and frailty versa. From the position of natural philosophies, temperature is the value of the mean dynamicss energy of the atoms in an object or systems ( 6 ) . The unit for temperatures in SI unit is Kelvin ( K ) . The temperature is measured by thermometer. 2.1.1. Kelvin graduated table The temperature of the Kelvin graduated table starts from 0 K, a point where all the gesture of molecular virtually stops. The point is called absolute nothing which besides equal to -273 AÂ °C 2.1.2. Celsius graduated table It takes the temperatures of freeze and boiling point of H2O as mentions. 1 AÂ °C equal to 1/100 difference between the freeze and boiling s temperatures of H2O at 1 standard pressure. 2.2. Heat transportation Heat transportation is the thermic energy in theodolite due to a temperature different between objects. An object or fluid which at different temperature with the surrounding, the transportation of thermic energy will happen between that object or fluid with the environing until thermic equilibrium is reached. The heat transportation procedure is called manners ( 7 ) 2.2.1. Manners of heat transportation The manners of heat transportation include conductivity, convection and radiation. 2.2.1.1. Conduction Conduction refer to the heat transportation that occur across a stationary medium which temperature gradient exists in it. It can be showed in the figure 1 below. The atoms with higher temperature will be more energetic due to its higher molecular energy. The transportation of energy from more energetic atom to less energetic atoms of substances is called conductivity. From figure one, the energy transportation by conductivity will be from left to compensate, that is way of diminishing temperature. ( 7 ) Conduction takes topographic points in all signifiers of affair that are solids, liquids, gases and plasmas. In solid, the conductivity is due to the quiver of atom in lattice and the translational gesture of the free atoms. In gases and liquid, the conductivity is due to the diffusion of energy during the random gesture of molecules. When the molecules collide among themselves, a transportation of energy from higher energy molecules to take down energy molecules will happen. 2.2.1.2. Convection Convection heat transportation is the heat transportation procedure by the flow of fluid. It consist of 2 mechanisms that is random molecular gesture ( diffusion ) and majority or microscopic gesture of the fluid. This is because in the fluid, big figure of molecules will travel jointly while maintain their random gesture. The motion of the fluid is caused by the different in denseness ensuing from the temperature different between them. ( 7 ) There are few types of convection and we categorized it by the nature of the flow. Forced convection happened when the flow is caused by the external force such as fan or pump. For illustration fans are used to chill electronic devices as shown in Figure 2. For free convection, the flow is caused by the perkiness forces. The perkiness force is due to the different of denseness as a consequence of temperature fluctuation in fluid. For illustration in the ambiance, the land is really hot comparison to the sky. So the air near the surface of the land will increase in temperature and decrease in denseness. Since it is lighter to the environing air, perkiness force induces a perpendicular gesture for which warm air go uping and is replaced by ice chest air ( Figure 3 ) . The transportation of heat between solid surface and liquid or gas consists of conductivity and convection. When the motion of the gas or liquid is really large, the heat transportation by conductivity is comparatively really little comparison to convection. Heat is transferred by conductivity through a thin movie on the surface of the fluid. 2.2.1.3. Radiation Matter will breathe energy in the signifier of thermic radiation except in zero temperature. The emanation is due to the alterations in negatron constellations of the component atoms or molecules. Electromagnetic moving ridges will transport the energy of the radiation field. Unlike the conductivity and convection, radiation does non necessitate a medium to reassign energy. It can go through through vacuity ( 7 ) . For illustration, the energy from the Sun travels in the signifier of radiation to heat the Earth during the twenty-four hours ( Figure 4 ) . The radiation include infrared, seeable scope of electromagnetic part and UV. The affair with higher temperature will breathe more energy than the lower. So if 2 organic structures with different temperature topographic point together, their radiation will stop and the organic structure with lower energy will have more energy than the higher temperature organic structure. So, its internal energy will increase while another organic structure decreases. The energy transportations from higher temperature organic structure to take down temperature organic structure due to their temperature different. ( 5 ) 2.3. Heat transmittal into auto Car is like a thermic system. Heat flow from the Sun invariably in and out the auto. There are several manner of heat transmitted into auto there include conductivity of auto organic structure, heat from engine or other devices in auto, hot air from ambient and the solar radiation. The temperature rise in a parked auto is due to the green house consequence. This is because the solar radiation that enters the auto through the glass windows is partly trapped in the auto compartment. ( 11 ) 2.4. Reduce heat in auto The auto gets heat largely due to the solar radiation. So, to cut down the heat into the vehicle, there are some strategic available. 2.4.1. Film or surfacing A movie is applied onto the widescreen and Windowss and its call shade. Tinting movie is normally made out of clear polyester movie with a really thin and even layer of tincting agent such as dyes. The features on how seeable light come into auto alterations after the tinting movie applied to the window. Normal Windowss reflect 5 % of seeable visible radiation ( VLR % ) and absorb 5 % of it ( VLA % ) . So 90 % of visible radiation ( VLT % ) transmit into the auto. ( 12 ) There are many type of the tinted house available and their VLR % , VLA % and VLT % are different. Yet normally VLT % is referred as it state you how much seeable light allow to travel into the auto. Beside, tinted movie can barricade UV and infrared which will heat auto excessively. 2.4.2. Photo-gray Windowss Photo-gray Windowss are used to replace normal Windowss. From inside the auto, the photo-gray Windowss are every bit clear as normal Windowss. Form outside, the colour changes depends on the sum of incident beams. The stronger the UV, the darker the colour. 2.4.3. Force airing Forced convection is done by this method. The hot air in the auto is suck out from the auto and replace with lower temperature of air from the exterior. The force airing can cut down the temperature up to 20 AÂ °C and merely 5 AÂ °C of temperature increased ( 13 ) . The force airing device sometimes is powered by solar energy. 2.4.4. Shadowing devices There are 2 types of shadowing devices there are internal or external shading devices. Shadowing device is the most common method used by the auto proprietor to cut down the heat goes into auto. It can barricade the UV and Sun visible radiation. 2.5. Thermal comfort Thermal comfort of rider is one of the major concerns in the development of the car. A batch of criterions have been implement and some in the bill of exchange phase. The current criterions related to human thermic comfort in general environment are ISO 7730:1994 and ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2004. The definition by ASHRAE Standard 55 on thermic comfort is: That status of head which express satisfaction with the thermic environment ( 16 ) Besides that, ISO 7730:1994 is giving the same definition of thermic comfort. Yet, to specify the thermic comfort is really difficult as we need to take history into a scope of environmental and personal factor when make up ones minding what make people experience uncomfortable. These factors are known as Human thermic environmental . ( 17 ) Condition of thermic comfort influence by many factors such as air temperatures, air speed, humidness, nonuniformity of the thermic environment ( perpendicular temperature different, beaming temperature dissymmetry and etc ) and thermic opposition of the vesture ( 18 ) . Thermal comfort is of import as it can impact our overall morale. Bad thermic comfort environment will do people refuse to work or the worst instance is acquire ill edifice symptoms ( 17 ) . In vehicle, it is show that the thermic uncomfortableness merely after come ining the vehicle which parked under sunshine is due to the terrible ambient temperature. ( 19 ) 2.6. Thermocouple thermometer A thermocouple is a temperature detector which is easy to utilize and obtained. It widely used in scientific discipline and industry. It is a junction between two different metals and produces a electromotive force related to a temperature difference. The hotter the temperature, the higher the electromotive force. Two metal generate electromotive force is known as Seebeck consequence. Seebeck consequence tells thermoelectric phenomena by which temperature differences between two dissimilar metals in a circuit converts into an electric current. Thermocouple physique by a broad assortment of metals such as Fe, Ni, chromel, Eureka, Cu and wolfram. It is identified by a capital missive on them. For illustration type K thermocouple, type C thermocouple and type N thermocouple. Figure 9 show a k-type thermocouple stopper into a multimeter to expose room temperature. ( 20 ) 2.7. Previous survey on auto compartment temperature survey There have been few surveies of auto compartment temperature by several research workers. King et Al ( 21 ) discovered that 75 % of the maximal temperature rise occurred within 5 proceedingss of shutting Windowss in an ambient temperature of 36.8 AÂ °C. It will make maximal temperature within 15 proceedingss to 67 AÂ °C and remain at that place until the door and Windowss opened. The consequence on the temperature rise and maximal temperature was minimum even though 20 centimeter of Windowss was opened. This determination is similar to Robert and Roberts ( 22 ) . Jan Null et Al ( 23 ) found that irrespective the outside ambient temperature, the rate of temperature rise inside the vehicle was non important different. During the 1st 30 proceedingss, the mean temperature addition in a rate of 3.2 AÂ °F per 5 proceedingss interval and 80 % of the temperature rise occurred. They found that the get downing ambient temperature will impact the concluding temperature of vehicle. With the coolest ambient temperature, 72 AÂ °F, the internal temperature of vehicle rose to 117AÂ °F. In short, for get downing ambient temperature 72 to 96AÂ °F, the internal temperature rose 40AÂ °F mean. With Windowss opened 1.5 inches, the rate of temperature rise in vehicles did non diminish significantly. ( Close Windowss: 3.4AÂ °F per 5 proceedingss, opened Windowss 3.2AÂ °F per 5 proceedingss. The decision from their studied, the temperature rose in vehicle was important in clear, cheery twenty-four hours even the ambient temperature was comparatively cold, go f orthing the Windowss somewhat opened have no important consequence in decelerating down the warming procedure or maximal internal temperature and bulk of the temperature rose happening within 15-30 proceedingss. There is a spread between clip taken to make maximal internal temperature between Jan Null et Al and Robert and Roberts.. Surpure J.S. found that auto internal temperature was different in different state of affairs. For big auto which parked in direct Sun, the highest temperature recorded was 65 AÂ °C while for little auto is 78 AÂ °C. For auto parked in shadiness, the highest temperature was merely 44 AÂ °C. He found that enormous heat built up in the auto parked under direct Sun visible radiation than the auto parked in shadiness. He found that the little auto heated rapidly than the big auto. In short, he concluded heat load of ill ventilated, parked autos exposed to direct sunshine can be tremendous. ( 24 ) Chapter 3 Methodology 3. Methodology 3.1. Overview A sum-up of the measure by measure research process is as shown in figure. Before planing experiment, several studied on old work are done. The sum-up of the surveies were written in the literature reappraisal. The experiment is decently planned and designed, so that the experiment can be carried out consistently. Next all the experiment stuffs and equipments are prepared. After that, the experiment is conducted on cheery yearss harmonizing to the process that planned. The temperatures in the auto are measured by the Type-K thermocouple wires and recorded by Datataker DT80. Finally, the collected informations are analyzed from the technology point of view. 3.2. Design of experiment The experiment is decently design after reexamining all the related paper. The design of the experiment includes: A. The choice of the shading device B. The clip to carried out the experiment C. The measurement technique D. The equipment to mensurate the temperature E. The location of the shading device 3.3. Preparation of stuffs, equipments and mensurating devices 3.3.1. Preparation of stuffs The stuff was prepared as follow: A. Ice B. Water 3.3.2. Preparation of equipment The equipments were prepared as follow: A. Shading device ( broad screen ) B. Shading device ( rear ) C. Iron wire D. Raffia twine E. Brick F. Proton Saga 1.3L Ag coloring material 3.3.3. Preparation of mensurating devices The devices that used to mensurate and enter the temperature will be Type K thermocouple wire and Datataker DT80 ( Figure 21 ) . Datataker DT 80 is smart informations lumberman that provides an extended array of characteristics that allow it to be used across a broad assortment of application such as record the temperature. It is robust, stand entirely, low power informations logger having USB memory stick support. ( 25 ) The Datataker and its component kit as shown in figure. The instruments kit of Datataker DT80 comprised: A. Data lumberman ( DT80 shown in figure ) B. Plug battalion power supply C. USB communications overseas telegram D. Resource Cadmium E. Power terminal block with battery nexus F. Double ended prison guard driver G. Terminal label clear screen ( non shown ) To utilize this Datataker DT80 to mensurate temperature, thermocouple wires were plugged into it. In this experiment, type-K thermocouple wires were used. Dataker DT80 has a front panel to expose some information. The show provides information about informations lumberman position, channel informations, dismaies and shop operation. In add-on the show will bespeak conditions that require attending and USB memory device position. By snaping the up and down button, clip, battery position and temperature of each channel can be checked. Several stairss were completed before the DT 80 was used to enter the temperature. The stairss included: A. Data lumberman was connected to power supply through the power doodly-squat. B. The battery was charged by linking the terminal block with battery nexus into the power terminus C. USB communications overseas telegram was connected to the lumberman and computing machine D. Resource CD of DT8X series was inserted into CD-ROM. E. Driver and DeLogger 5 package were installed into computing machine. F. DT 80 was programmed by utilizing the Delogger 5 package. G. DT 80 was ready to enter temperature. 3.4. Conduct the experiment A proton saga 1.3L Ag colour was used. The auto was parked at an unfastened infinite which no any obstruction that can barricade the Sun rays penetrate into the auto. The auto was parked under the Sun from 12.00pm-1.30pm confronting the North. The information will be taken every 10s. Type-K thermocouple was used as detector to mensurate the temperature. The thermocouple wires were put as below: A. Outside the auto B. Under the auto C. Car bole D. Car compartment Inside the auto compartment, the thermocouple wires were set up as shown in figure with 50cm from the roof. The black point is the location of the detector. The auto has 6 Windowss that is front widescreen ( a ) , back widescreen ( B ) , front left widows ( degree Celsius ) , back left Windowss ( vitamin D ) , front right window ( vitamin E ) and back right widows ( degree Fahrenheit ) .This shown in Figure 14. The shading devices are placed inside or outside the Windowss with different combination as shown in table 1. Temperatures for each combination were recorded. Table 1: Location of shadowing devices No of experiment Location of shadowing devices a B degree Celsiuss vitamin D vitamin E degree Fahrenheit 1 2 / I 3 / I 4 / O 5 / O 6 / I / I 7 / O / O 8 / I / O 9 / O / I * / I with shadowing device inside the auto / O with shadowing device outside the auto without shadowing devices 3.5. Analysis of the informations The informations obtained were analyzed. Result of different location of shadowing devices for a parked auto were compared. All the informations were tabulated or presented in graphical signifier. Mentions 1. Calculation of thermic comfort inside a rider auto compartment. A.Merzrhab, M. Bouzidi. 2005. 2. BBC Weather. BBC. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 06, 2009. ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml? tt=TT002590. 3. Hyperthermia Deaths of Children in Vehicles. Null, Jan. 2009. 4. kid suffocates in pa s locked auto. [ Online ] April 4th, 2007. hypertext transfer protocol: //thestar.com.my/news/story.asp? file=/2007/4/4/nation/17345394 A ; sec=nation. 5. McConkey, Eastop A ; . Applied Thermodynamics for Engineering engineers. s.l. : Person Education Limited, 2006. 6. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 10, 2009. ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.answers.com/topic/temperature. 7. Incropera, Dewirr, Bergman, Lavine. Introduction to Heat Transfer. fifth. s.l. : John Wiley A ; Sons. 8. Woolfolk, Alan. McLean Engineering. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 11, 2009. ] http: //electronics-cooling.com/articles/1995/oct/oct95_03.php. 9. Heating and Non-Radiative Energy Transfers. UC Santa Barbara Department of Geography. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 11, 2009. ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.geog.ucsb.edu/~joel/g110_w08/lecture_notes/heating/heating.html. 10. Incoming Sunlight. Earth observatory. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 11, 2009. ] hypertext transfer protocol: //earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/EnergyBalance/page2.php. 11. Temperature fluctuation in a Parked Car. Almanjahie, Ibrahim. 2007. 12. How Does Window Film Work? tintcenter. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 11, 2009. ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tintcenter.com/articles/bt_works.html. 13. Hot air extrator for a parked. Siong, Tan Hock. 2007. 14. Trillium Worldwide TWI-7001 AutoVent Solar-Powered Ventilator. Amazon.com. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 11, 2009. ] http: //www.amazon.com/Trillium-Worldwide-TWI-7001-Solar-Powered-Ventilator/dp/B0007LXTN2/ref=pd_sim_auto_6. 15. Nylon Magic Sunshade. Amazon. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 11, 2009. ] http: //www.amazon.com/Nylon-Magic-Sunshade-Styles-Vary/dp/B000AMBOLW/ref=pd_sim_auto_1. 16. ASHRAE. 2004. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2004, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. s.l. : Capital of georgia: American Society of Heating Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 17. What is thermic comfort? HSE. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 10, 2009. ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/explained.htm. 18. Steve Chen, Stanley J. Demster. Variable air volume systems for environmental quality. s.l. : McGraw-Hill Professional, 1996. 19. Evaluation of summertime thermic comfort in cars. Kazuaki Yamashita, Tomonori Kuroda, Yutaka Tochihara, Toshita Shibukawa, Youichiro Kondo, Hiroki Nagayama. s.l. : Elsevier Ltd, 2005. 20. Thermocouple. Wikipedia. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 11, 2009. ] hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocouple. 21. Heat emphasis in motor vehicles: a job in babyhood. King K, Negus K, Vance JC. 579-582, s.l. : Pediatricss, 1981. 22. The Automobile and Heat Stress. Kenneth B. Roberts, Ellen C. Roberts. 1, s.l. : Pediatrics, 1976, Vol. 58. 23. Heat emphasis from enclosed vehicles: moderate ambient temperature cause important temperature rise in enclosed vehicle. Jan Null, Chatherin McLaren, James Quinn. s.l. : Pediatricss, 2005. 24. Heat-related unwellness and the car. Surpure, J. 5, s.l. : Annalss of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 11. Pages 263-265. 25. Datataker DT 80. Datataker. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 15, 2009. ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.datataker.com/products/dt80.html. 26. DT8X user manual. 27. Nylon Magic Sunshade. Amazon. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 11, 2010. ] http: //www.amazon.com/Nylon-Magic-Sunshade-Styles-Vary/dp/B000AMBOLW/ref=pd_sim_auto_1.

Free Essays on Gender Discrimination At The Work Place

Abstract Gender discrimination prevails in society in general and at workplace in particular and the worst affected remains the women workforce to date. This research assignment presents statistics and arguments in support of its thesis statement thereby discussing the element of discrimination that exists in the corporate world on the basis of gender differences. The works cited page appends seven sources in MLA format. Outline I. Introduction II. Research findings: How big is the problem? III. Cause and effect chain of workplace discrimination IV. Conclusion Gender Discrimination in the Workplace Discrimination in any field of life is unjust as well as highly disturbing. However, workplace discrimination is a challenge faced by various organizations world over as well as a social dilemma and a professional hurdle that uncountable employees experience in today’s highly competitive work environment. The passages below throw light upon the extent to which gender discrimination exists in the U.S. work environment and the entire research assignment supports the thesis statement which claims that women are largely affected by gender discrimination in the workplace; a fact that has led to wage and power inequalities in the workplace between men and women and has resulted in other problems including psychological hazards and unjustified career constraints for women. Discussion is based on the extensive research conducted by the experts in the related field. Research Findings on Gender Discrimination: How big is the Problem? Although times have changed and so has the general mentality of the employers as well as the employees. However, the situation at the corporate level still needs to change. Women to date complain of gender discrimination at workplace particularly in the areas including â€Å"income, unemployment, and occupational distribution† (Trentham & Larwood). Statistics derived... Free Essays on Gender Discrimination At The Work Place Free Essays on Gender Discrimination At The Work Place Abstract Gender discrimination prevails in society in general and at workplace in particular and the worst affected remains the women workforce to date. This research assignment presents statistics and arguments in support of its thesis statement thereby discussing the element of discrimination that exists in the corporate world on the basis of gender differences. The works cited page appends seven sources in MLA format. Outline I. Introduction II. Research findings: How big is the problem? III. Cause and effect chain of workplace discrimination IV. Conclusion Gender Discrimination in the Workplace Discrimination in any field of life is unjust as well as highly disturbing. However, workplace discrimination is a challenge faced by various organizations world over as well as a social dilemma and a professional hurdle that uncountable employees experience in today’s highly competitive work environment. The passages below throw light upon the extent to which gender discrimination exists in the U.S. work environment and the entire research assignment supports the thesis statement which claims that women are largely affected by gender discrimination in the workplace; a fact that has led to wage and power inequalities in the workplace between men and women and has resulted in other problems including psychological hazards and unjustified career constraints for women. Discussion is based on the extensive research conducted by the experts in the related field. Research Findings on Gender Discrimination: How big is the Problem? Although times have changed and so has the general mentality of the employers as well as the employees. However, the situation at the corporate level still needs to change. Women to date complain of gender discrimination at workplace particularly in the areas including â€Å"income, unemployment, and occupational distribution† (Trentham & Larwood). Statistics derived...

Applying Self-Directed Learning and Transformational Learning Article

Applying Self-Directed Learning and Transformational Learning - Article Example ch Nesbit, Leach and Foley (2004) described these non-traditional adult students are less likely to be easily satisfied and more opinionated than their younger counterparts, that demand for better quality university provision is seen vital (p. 90). Specifically, this paper focuses on the application of three concepts: self-directed learning, transformational learning, and experiential learning, that for years, have been consistently acknowledged relevant to adult education. Adult Learning in College In the past, adult learning usually takes place in informal and non-formal settings. An adult, which may not have been able to finish high school or which may have failed to enter or finish college, sees the need to augment this educational deficiency with non-formal vocational education in order to gain skills necessary for employment. However today, â€Å"the increasing demands for professional services of high quality† (Marsick 1998, p. 119) rendered earlier adult learning insuf ficient, causing an increasing number of adults going through formal college education. As Jarvis (1995) rightly observed: â€Å"Because change is so rapid, it is necessary for individuals to keep learning, so that they should not become alienated from the culture that engulfs them† (p. 3). To be more concrete, â€Å"Individuals in the workforce are expected to keep abreast with all the technological changes that occur in their place of work† (Jarvis, 2004, pp. 13-14). This increasing adult participation in colleges has dramatically altered higher education institutions in terms of organization, program offerings and curricula, that adult education today is taking much academic interest, particularly in terms of adult learning. As Slotnick, et al. (1993) suspected in their study, some college... This essay analyzes that according to Paul (1996) experiential learning takes its root from the traditional apprentice model in response to the wide demand in the 19th century to incorporate practical learning in formal education, which was dominated then by abstract learning. The importance of integrating experience in learning is greatly influenced by John Dewey in the US. This has practically gained its impetus after WWII, with the returning US war veterans’ desire to pursue their education which was interfered by the war.  This essay analyzes that according to Paul (1996) experiential learning takes its root from the traditional apprentice model in response to the wide demand in the 19th century to incorporate practical learning in formal education, which was dominated then by abstract learning. The importance of integrating experience in learning is greatly influenced by John Dewey in the US. This has practically gained its impetus after WWII, with the returning US war veterans’ desire to pursue their education which was interfered by the war.   The rich experiences of adult learners can be rich learning resources in adult learning in colleges, but experiential learning can be truly a defining feature of adult learning, if learning does not sole rely on this, but instead makes use of this in combination with the other two learning concepts. As such, adult learner’s experiences would be understood to be value laden that reflecting on it could bring the adult learner to a deeper understanding of his/her life experience.

Effect of Titles and Subtitles of HIPAA on the IT Organization Essay

Effect of Titles and Subtitles of HIPAA on the IT Organization - Essay Example The process of utilization of health of patient is described by HIPPA in detailed. It is important for the medical institutions to make certain that the privacy of the person much be kept confidential. This form of step mostly complete by modifying how much PHI (protected health information is utilized. Basically Protected Health information is referred as the demographics, diagnoses and different treatments of the patient. On the other hand, the complete form of details and information can only be communicate with the staff directly in the patient care, relevant entities and other insurance organizations (Wiener & Gilliland, 2011).   On 14th April 2003, the HIPPA law came into force. The aim of this law is to save the privacy of the information related to the health of the patient by forming the minimum federal standards of how the health care providers may disclose this form of details (Thompson et al., 2011). Whereas the privacy of patient is sheltered from other form of parties, numerous health related professionals have criticized that barriers to access to information imposed by HIPAA potential risk can put the superiority and appropriateness and suitability of patient care. There are many intrinsic negative effects as HIPAA and other builds due to their susceptibility to misunderstanding (Thompson et al., 2011). The right to obtain record of copies of medical records is given to the patients by HIPAA so patient can recognize faults and appeal different form of corrections. On the other hand, the medical information of patients is also protected by HIPAA, and make certain that the medical information of one patient is not utilized by any other patient, other parties like marketing companies, other insurance companies and for the purpose of financial purposes. Moreover, refined from of technologies are also taken part in the HIPAA implementation and also

School bullying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

School bullying - Essay Example It is widely acknowledged by students, parents and educators that bullying in schools is a primary concern since it can undermine the academic climate (Whitted and Dupper 2005, p. 167). A nationwide survey conducted in the US indicates that at least 29.9% of US students in grades 6-10 are involved in some degree of bullying School intervention systems typically involve heightening the awareness of teachers, parents and children, publishing anti-bullying policies and ensuring that bully is presented as a serious matter and as such incorporated into the school’s curriculum (Woods and Wolke 2003, p. 382). All indications are therefore that bullying in schools is a serious issue and the professional counselor has a role to play in responding to the issue of bullying. The professional counselor’s role is best suited to addressing the underlying causes of bullying. Smith and Schneider (2004) present a useful profile of both victims and aggressors involved in bullying. These p rofiles are useful guidance for the professional counselor in addressing the underlying factors that contribute to bullying. According to Smith and Schneider (2004) the aggressor is typically involved in substance abuse, has a poor academic performance, has a need to be dominant and is not empathetic to victims. Bullying can also be a means of achieving or elevating the aggressor’s â€Å"social status and access to valued resources† (Smith and Schneider 2004, p. 547). ... op an understanding of themselves, the rights and needs of others† and how to deal with conflicts (Standards for School Counseling Programs in Virginia Public Schools, n.d.). The Standards for Personal/Social Development counseling are set out to prevent bulling and other forms of anti-social behavior. These standards call for a proactive and preventative approach to counseling that are by design intended to address the underlying issues and are consistent with the profiles designed by Smith and Schneider (2004). For instance the Standards for Personal/Social Development counseling provide a step by step approach which leads the counselor through the child’s social development beginning with K-3 and ending with Grades 9-12. At the K-3 level, the counselor should ensure that the student develops respect for himself and others and gains an understanding of unity and community with fellow students. The emphasis is on cooperation and empathy (Standards for School Counseling Programs in Virginia Public Schools, n.d.). These standards are obviously designed to address the underlying issues that contribute to the aggressor’s behavior. EP7 if the K-3 Counseling Standards for Personal/Social development targets the victim by guiding counselors to help the student learn to identify and seek resources in the school and the wider community (Standards for School Counseling Programs in Virginia Public Schools, n.d.). As the student moves up in school the counseling program standards for Personal/Social development require a proactive and preventative approach relative to peer influences and continued emphasis on self-respect and respect for others. The students are also counseled on the dangers of substance abuse. Both aggressors and victims should be counseled on making

Areas in the Early Years Foundation Stage

Areas in the Early Years Foundation Stage Building positive relationships To build a positive relationship with a little person is not always easy. Some people are really opened and easy to get along with but then some are uncommunicative so they would rather be alone and do their own thing than play and talk to others. Also, children’s behaviour is unpredictable, you just never know what is behind the corner. That is why you can not work in child care setting thinking you act the same with every single person. Unfortunately it is not that easy because personalities are different and every child is an individual who needs different kind of care. The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) is the statuary framework that sets the standards that all early years providers must meet to ensure that children learn and develop well and are kept healthy and safe. These standards are: The promotion of the welfare of children in the child care setting Appropriately screened adults to work with the children A suitable environment, equipment and premises Correctly maintained documentation The provision of an organisational structure in which they can learn and develop emotionally, socially, physically and intellectually It is extremely important that the adults working with kids are working for these standards especially when they are OFSTED registered because simply not working with these rules and being registered with OFSTED is against the law. Children learn best when they are healthy, safe and secure, when their individual needs are met and when they have positive relationships with the adults caring of them. With these rules child care professionals have learnt how to implement the 6 learning goals, which is worked out by The Early Years Foundation Stage, in the child care setting. The Early Years Foundation Stage consists of six areas of learning and development which are: Personal, social and emotional development Communication, language and literacy Problem solving, reasoning and numeracy Knowledge and understanding of the world Physical development Creative development Most of the areas are covered simply just the children being in the child care setting surrounded by intelligent adults and of course other children whom they are socialising and playing with. Only playing with other kids brings out most of the six points in individual but obviously it is not enough. With manners, literacy, numeracy, knowledge and understanding of the world kids do need a little help from the adults but that is why professional carers know all different type of activities and exercises that are good for learning and development. People working with children have been taught to observe every person so they know what every single individual needs to learn quicker, how to learn and to develop more. Obviously it is always good to communicate with other carers and of course parents, to make the best decisions out of it. Children’s respect to other people comes from an early age, it all depends of the environment they have been raised up in but also of the parents, what they have taught to their children. It is typical the kids believe in the same things as the adults living at home but it is not always good. As the time goes on, there is so many changes in life that older people do not accept but we can not teach our kids to do that. That is why it is important to teach children from young age to respect and value individuality. We often find children who do not have any siblings not really respectful to others, because they have used to get everything they want but also there is no-one at home they have to share their things with. There is lots of responsibilities coming from home that parents need to do but also if the kids attend nursery or a child care setting, carers have their own part of raising children to become responsible young adults. Going to the child care setting regularly definitely helps children to understand other children’s needs and how to communicate and play with others. Professional carers have been taught how to deal with young people. They know how to act in front of and with the children so they have no bad example they could take from the adults. But communication is the key! Carers and parents definitely need to talk things through, because children get confused and nothing good comes out of it if adults at home are acting very different to the ones at the child care setting. It is also very easy to teach kids through games. Games teach how to share things, how to communicate with others and when difficulties appear, how to solve problems and arguments. Really good for this are role plays. But it is important for adults to stay on the side and observe so they could help to understand the situation of the problems and find the solution together with the kids involved. Showing children that everyone in this world are equal no matter their culture, material status, skin colour or age, could keep them away of trouble when being kids but also in the future. It is important them to tolerate and value individuality. Keeping positive behaviour and avoid negative at home and also in the child care setting, is probably every parent’s and carer’s dream. But the thing adults are usually struggling with is consistency. From my own experience when moved into my previous host family to look after the kids, they did have the same problem. It seems to be really difficult for parents to stick to what they have said. With two boys in the family to look after I made it pretty clear from the start what they can and can not to. Of course they tried to push the boundaries but I sticked to my words. The difference how the kids behaved with me and with the parents was huge. I knew when I asked them to do something, they did it and never had to ask twice but when parents asked, really often kids did not even respond. It shows clearly what these parents have done wrong and therefore they will not get enough respect by their own children. The main thing for parents is to keep their promises and keep up with consistency but the children need to also know that after every bad behaviour there are always consequences. It is really important for adults to keep up with this too, otherwise child will get confused and there will be no result. But recognising only bad behaviour and keep telling children off is frustrating for both sides. That is why we also need to notice the good things kids do. Nurseries and schools are often using stickers as a reward for a good behaviour. As children love stickers it is really good idea to use it in a child care setting. By seeing and noticing the good things kids are doing, they want to get noticed even more because they know it will also bring more attention from adults and of course they will get rewards. Parents and carers do need to be careful though because there is so many cases when children are using this and will blackmail the adults to get what they want simply just misbehaving when the parents will not buy something they wanted. But there should not be any problems when the rules are clear from an early age. In every household and child care setting children and adults are really often facing conflicts. It is usually between children who are fighting over toys or attention, or problems are appearing simply because of lack of social skills, hunger, tiredness or lack of suitable role models. But sometimes we do see conflicts between children and adults. Usually caused because of not enough attention, generational clashes or because the middle child has been forgotten about. So what should we do, to solve these problems?! And at the end of the day, are conflicts good or bad? The KidsHealth website gives advice for parents to give some more privacy to their children but also to trust them a little bit more. It is obviously more of an advice to parents with a little bit older children who actually do know what they are doing. The website also says to listen and of course to do more explaining. Kids should be taught to ask adults to explain things through so the conflict would not develop. So, is conflict good or a bad thing? Many theorists agree that it is a good thing and it helps children to develop. Piaget believed that conflict in children was healthy, and if worked through, would help children to overcome their egocentric thought patterns, Erikson believed that to become a better person one must resolve the conflict in each stage of life, because life is full of conflicts. And Vygotsky thought conflict is more like a learning progress, he believed that children will learn from the conflict. Many different child care facilities seems to think that conflict is a part of human nature and kids needs to have the skill to solve a problem without an adults help. That is why they believed it is an adults responsibility to give children conflicts to resolve, at this point with adults but by the time they are all grown up, they can do it themselves and through this, survive. Keeping the perfect parent/carer and friend relationship at home or in the child care setting might be sometimes really difficult. Kids often just would not take well an adults telling them what to do, or how to behave with others and also by teaching them, children would not think you still want to be their friend. Still trying to be a friend but at the same time to stay professional, have children’s respect and keep up with the consistency is a hard work. But if this happens when children and adults find the perfect balance, it will be really good harmony in a whole household/child care setting, which is a good influence to everyone. Bibliography: http://www.kon.org/urc/dennis.html http://www.livestrong.com/article/84969-parentchild-conflict/ http://raisingchildren.net.au/articles/encouraging_good_behaviour.html http://discipline.about.com/od/disciplinebasics/a/Discipline-Kids-With-Positive-And-Negative-Consequences.htm www.kidscount.com.au/english/chapter11.asp www.childcarealgoma.ca/UploadedFiles/files/importance_of_observing_and_recording_children.pdf

Jesus Prohibition Against Swearing and His Philosophy of Language :: Jesus Religion Language Prohibition Essays

Jesus' Prohibition Against Swearing and His Philosophy of Language In an article entitled "Oath Taking in the Community of the New Age (Matthew 5:33-37)," Don Garlington calls Jesus' prohibition against swearing an oddity and the avoidance of swearing by certain Christian sects a superficial application of the logion.[1] As a member of one such group, the Mennonites, I offer an apology rather than a rebutal. Mennonites make affirmations rather than swear oaths in order to fulfil Jesus' command often without wondering if they have fulfilled his intention. When they find rationale for their avoidance of oaths, they tend to point to swearing as an occasion for sin rather than something sinful in itself. According to the Mennonite Encyclopedia, one avoids swearing in order to avoid an inadvertant sin of error or the habit of lying when one is not under oath.[2] Both of these reasons for minding the prohibition can be extrapolated from the Matthean text, but neither explains why the act of swearing a truthful oath is from evil. In order to comprehend Jes us' intent, we need to examine Jesus' understanding of language as a human activty that is not always accompanied by mindfulness of the reality that makes it potent, possible, and meaningful. Given that modern usage of "to swear" has come to include the acts of cursing and of using colorful expletives, a definition based upon biblical usage is essential. An oath is a performative utterance; it does not describe something, it does something.[3] According to speech-act theory, an oath accomplishes a number of separate acts. First, it can either expound a view by making a statement of fact regarding past or present events or it can commit the speaker to an obligation in the future. The oath's power to expound or commit relies upon its capacity to execute a second speech-act, the act of invoking God or some divine authority as a witness or guarantor. Finally, the oath puts into place a third speech-act, a conditional curse. Zechariah illustrates the potential of the curse with the metaphor of the flying scroll that consumes the house of any one who swears falsely (Zech 5:1-4). The speech-act of cursing does not depend upon the locutionary act; whether the curse is articulated or not the deed is done.[4] If one's oath proves to be false, God is justified in enacting the curse.[5] Speech-act theorist John Austin describes how oaths can go wrong under the rubric of the doctrine of the infelicitous.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Sixty-seven

Sansa In the tower room at the heart of Maegor's Holdfast, Sansa gave herself to the darkness. She drew the curtains around her bed, slept, woke weeping, and slept again. When she could not sleep she lay under her blankets shivering with grief. Servants came and went, bringing meals, but the sight of food was more than she could bear. The dishes piled up on the table beneath her window, untouched and spoiling, until the servants took them away again. Sometimes her sleep was leaden and dreamless, and she woke from it more tired than when she had closed her eyes. Yet those were the best times, for when she dreamed, she dreamed of Father. Waking or sleeping, she saw him, saw the gold cloaks fling him down, saw Ser Ilyn striding forward, unsheathing Ice from the scabbard on his back, saw the moment . . . the moment when . . . she had wanted to look away, she had wanted to, her legs had gone out from under her and she had fallen to her knees, yet somehow she could not turn her head, and all the people were screaming and shouting, and her prince had smiled at her, he'd smiled and she'd felt safe, but only for a heartbeat, until he said those words, and her father's legs . . . that was what she remembered, his legs, the way they'd jerked when Ser Ilyn . . . when the sword . . . Perhaps I will die too, she told herself, and the thought did not seem so terrible to her. If she flung herself from the window, she could put an end to her suffering, and in the years to come the singers would write songs of her grief. Her body would lie on the stones below, broken and innocent, shaming all those who had betrayed her. Sansa went so far as to cross the bedchamber and throw open the shutters . . . but then her courage left her, and she ran back to her bed, sobbing. The serving girls tried to talk to her when they brought her meals, but she never answered them. Once Grand Maester Pycelle came with a box of flasks and bottles, to ask if she was ill. He felt her brow, made her undress, and touched her all over while her bedmaid held her down. When he left he gave her a potion of honeywater and herbs and told her to drink a swallow every night. She drank it all right then and went back to sleep. She dreamt of footsteps on the tower stair, an ominous scraping of leather on stone as a man climbed slowly toward her bedchamber, step by step. All she could do was huddle behind her door and listen, trembling, as he came closer and closer. It was Ser Ilyn Payne, she knew, coming for her with Ice in his hand, coming to take her head. There was no place to run, no place to hide, no way to bar the door. Finally the footsteps stopped and she knew he was just outside, standing there silent with his dead eyes and his long pocked face. That was when she realized she was naked. She crouched down, trying to cover herself with her hands, as her door began to swing open, creaking, the point of the greatsword poking through . . . She woke murmuring, â€Å"Please, please, I'll be good, I'll be good, please don't,† but there was no one to hear. When they finally came for her in truth, Sansa never heard their footsteps. It was Joffrey who opened her door, not Ser Ilyn but the boy who had been her prince. She was in bed, curled up tight, her curtains drawn, and she could not have said if it was noon or midnight. The first thing she heard was the slam of the door. Then her bed hangings were yanked back, and she threw up a hand against the sudden light and saw them standing over her. â€Å"You will attend me in court this afternoon,† Joffrey said. â€Å"See that you bathe and dress as befits my betrothed.† Sandor Clegane stood at his shoulder in a plain brown doublet and green mantle, his burned face hideous in the morning light. Behind them were two knights of the Kingsguard in long white satin cloaks. Sansa drew her blanket up to her chin to cover herself. â€Å"No,† she whimpered, â€Å"please . . . leave me be.† â€Å"If you won't rise and dress yourself, my Hound will do it for you,† Joffrey said. â€Å"I beg of you, my prince . . . â€Å" â€Å"I'm king now. Dog, get her out of bed.† Sandor Clegane scooped her up around the waist and lifted her off the featherbed as she struggled feebly. Her blanket fell to the floor. Underneath she had only a thin bedgown to cover her nakedness. â€Å"Do as you're bid, child,† Clegane said. â€Å"Dress.† He pushed her toward her wardrobe, almost gently. Sansa backed away from them. â€Å"I did as the queen asked, I wrote the letters, I wrote what she told me. You promised you'd be merciful. Please, let me go home. I won't do any treason, I'll be good, I swear it, I don't have traitor's blood, I don't. I only want to go home.† Remembering her courtesies, she lowered her head. â€Å"As it please you,† she finished weakly. â€Å"It does not please me,† Joffrey said. â€Å"Mother says I'm still to marry you, so you'll stay here, and you'll obey.† â€Å"I don't want to marry you,† Sansa wailed. â€Å"You chopped off my father's head!† â€Å"He was a traitor. I never promised to spare him, only that I'd be merciful, and I was. If he hadn't been your father, I would have had him torn or flayed, but I gave him a clean death.† Sansa stared at him, seeing him for the first time. He was wearing a padded crimson doublet patterned with lions and a cloth-of-gold cape with a high collar that framed his face. She wondered how she could ever have thought him handsome. His lips were as soft and red as the worms you found after a rain, and his eyes were vain and cruel. â€Å"I hate you,† she whispered. King Joffrey's face hardened. â€Å"My mother tells me that it isn't fitting that a king should strike his wife. Ser Meryn.† The knight was on her before she could think, yanking back her hand as she tried to shield her face and backhanding her across the ear with a gloved fist. Sansa did not remember failing, yet the next she knew she was sprawled on one knee amongst the rushes. Her head was ringing. Ser Meryn Trant stood over her, with blood on the knuckles of his white silk glove. â€Å"Will you obey now, or shall I have him chastise you again?† Sansa's ear felt numb. She touched it, and her fingertips came away wet and red. â€Å"I . . . as . . . as you command, my lord.† â€Å"Your Grace,† Joffrey corrected her. â€Å"I shall look for you in court.† He turned and left. Ser Meryn and Ser Arys followed him out, but Sandor Clegane lingered long enough to yank her roughly to her feet. â€Å"Save yourself some pain, girl, and give him what he wants.† â€Å"What . . . what does he want? Please, tell me.† â€Å"He wants you to smile and smell sweet and be his lady love,† the Hound rasped. â€Å"He wants to hear you recite all your pretty little words the way the septa taught you. He wants you to love him . . . and fear him.† After he was gone, Sansa sank back onto the rushes, staring at the wall until two of her bedmaids crept timidly into the chamber. â€Å"I will need hot water for my bath, please,† she told them, â€Å"and perfume, and some powder to hide this bruise.† The right side of her face was swollen and beginning to ache, but she knew Joffrey would want her to be beautiful. The hot water made her think of Winterfell, and she took strength from that. She had not washed since the day her father died, and she was startled at how filthy the water became. Her maids sluiced the blood off her face, scrubbed the dirt from her back, washed her hair and brushed it out until it sprang back in thick auburn curls. Sansa did not speak to them, except to give them commands; they were Lannister servants, not her own, and she did not trust them. When the time came to dress, she chose the green silk gown that she had worn to the tourney. She recalled how gallant Joff had been to her that night at the feast. Perhaps it would make him remember as well, and treat her more gently. She drank a glass of buttermilk and nibbled at some sweet biscuits as she waited, to settle her stomach. It was midday when Ser Meryn returned. He had donned his white armor; a shirt of enameled scales chased with gold, a tall helm with a golden sunburst crest, greaves and gorget and gauntlet and boots of gleaming plate, a heavy wool cloak clasped with a golden lion. His visor had been removed from his helm, to better show his dour face; pouchy bags under his eyes, a wide sour mouth, rusty hair spotted with grey. â€Å"My lady,† he said, bowing, as if he had not beaten her bloody only three hours past. â€Å"His Grace has instructed me to escort you to the throne room.† â€Å"Did he instruct you to hit me if I refused to come?† â€Å"Are you refusing to come, my lady?† The look he gave her was without expression. He did not so much as glance at the bruise he had left her. He did not hate her, Sansa realized; neither did he love her. He felt nothing for her at all. She was only a . . . a thing to him. â€Å"No,† she said, rising. She wanted to rage, to hurt him as he'd hurt her, to warn him that when she was queen she would have him exiled if he ever dared strike her again . . . but she remembered what the Hound had told her, so all she said was, â€Å"I shall do whatever His Grace commands.† â€Å"As I do,† he replied. â€Å"Yes . . . but you are no true knight, Ser Meryn.† Sandor Clegane would have laughed at that, Sansa knew. Other men might have cursed her, warned her to keep silent, even begged for her forgiveness. Ser Meryn Trant did none of these. Ser Meryn Trant simply did not care. The balcony was deserted save for Sansa. She stood with her head bowed, fighting to hold back her tears, while below Joffrey sat on his Iron Throne and dispensed what it pleased him to call justice. Nine cases out of ten seemed to bore him; those he allowed his council to handle, squirming restlessly while Lord Baelish, Grand Maester Pycelle, or Queen Cersei resolved the matter. When he did choose to make a ruling, though, not even his queen mother could sway him. A thief was brought before him and he had Ser Ilyn chop his hand off, right there in court. Two knights came to him with a dispute about some land, and he decreed that they should duel for it on the morrow. â€Å"To the death,† he added. A woman fell to her knees to plead for the head of a man executed as a traitor. She had loved him, she said, and she wanted to see him decently buried. â€Å"If you loved a traitor, you must be a traitor too,† Joffrey said. Two gold cloaks dragged her off to the dungeons. Frog-faced Lord Slynt sat at the end of the council table wearing a black velvet doublet and a shiny cloth-of-gold cape, nodding with approval every time the king pronounced a sentence. Sansa stared hard at his ugly face, remembering how he had thrown down her father for Ser Ilyn to behead, wishing she could hurt him, wishing that some hero would throw him down and cut off his head. But a voice inside her whispered, There are no heroes, and she remembered what Lord Petyr had said to her, here in this very hall. â€Å"Life is not a song, sweetling,† he'd told her. â€Å"You may learn that one day to your sorrow.† In life, the monsters win, she told herself, and now it was the Hound's voice she heard, a cold rasp, metal on stone. â€Å"Save yourself some pain, girl, and give him what he wants.† The last case was a plump tavern singer, accused of making a song that ridiculed the late King Robert. Joff commanded them to fetch his woodharp and ordered him to perform the song for the court. The singer wept and swore he would never sing that song again, but the king insisted. It was sort of a funny song, all about Robert fighting with a pig. The pig was the boar who'd killed him, Sansa knew, but in some verses it almost sounded as if he were singing about the queen. When the song was done, Joffrey announced that he'd decided to be merciful. The singer could keep either his fingers or his tongue. He would have a day to make his choice. Janos Slynt nodded. That was the final business of the afternoon, Sansa saw with relief, but her ordeal was not yet done. When the herald's voice dismissed the court, she fled the balcony, only to find Joffrey waiting for her at the base of the curving stairs. The Hound was with him, and Ser Meryn as well. The young king examined her critically, top to bottom. â€Å"You look much better than you did.† â€Å"Thank you, Your Grace,† Sansa said. Hollow words, but they made him nod and smile. â€Å"Walk with me,† Joffrey commanded, offering her his arm. She had no choice but to take it. The touch of his hand would have thrilled her once; now it made her flesh crawl. â€Å"My name day will be here soon,† Joffrey said as they slipped out the rear of the throne room. â€Å"There will be a great feast, and gifts. What are you going to give me?† â€Å"I . . . I had not thought, my lord.† â€Å"Your Grace,† he said sharply. â€Å"You truly are a stupid girl, aren't you? My mother says so.† â€Å"She does?† After all that had happened, his words should have lost their power to hurt her, yet somehow they had not. The queen had always been so kind to her. â€Å"Oh, yes. She worries about our children, whether they'll be stupid like you, but I told her not to trouble herself.† The king gestured, and Ser Meryn opened a door for them. â€Å"Thank you, Your Grace,† she murmured. The Hound was right, she thought, I am only a little bird, repeating the words they taught me. The sun had fallen below the western wall, and the stones of the Red Keep glowed dark as blood. â€Å"I'll get you with child as soon as you're able,† Joffrey said as he escorted her across the practice yard. â€Å"If the first one is stupid, I'll chop off your head and find a smarter wife. When do you think you'll be able to have children?† Sansa could not look at him, he shamed her so. â€Å"Septa Mordane says most . . . most highborn girls have their flowering at twelve or thirteen.† Joffrey nodded. â€Å"This way.† He led her into the gatehouse, to the base of the steps that led up to the battlements. Sansa jerked back away from him, trembling. Suddenly she knew where they were going. â€Å"No,† she said, her voice a frightened gasp. â€Å"Please, no, don't make me, I beg you . . . â€Å" Joffrey pressed his lips together. â€Å"I want to show you what happens to traitors.† Sansa shook her head wildly. â€Å"I won't. I won't.† â€Å"I can have Ser Meryn drag you up,† he said. â€Å"You won't like that. You had better do what I say.† Joffrey reached for her, and Sansa cringed away from him, backing into the Hound. â€Å"Do it, girl,† Sandor Clegane told her, pushing her back toward the king. His mouth twitched on the burned side of his face and Sansa could almost hear the rest of it. He'll have you up there no matter what, so give him what he wants. She forced herself to take King Joffrey's hand. The climb was something out of a nightmare; every step was a struggle, as if she were pulling her feet out of ankle-deep mud, and there were more steps than she would have believed, a thousand thousand steps, and horror waiting on the ramparts. From the high battlements of the gatehouse, the whole world spread out below them. Sansa could see the Great Sept of Baelor on Visenya's hill, where her father had died. At the other end of the Street of the Sisters stood the fire-blackened ruins of the Dragonpit. To the west, the swollen red sun was half-hidden behind the Gate of the Gods. The salt sea was at her back, and to the south was the fish market and the docks and the swirling torrent of the Blackwater Rush. And to the north . . . She turned that way, and saw only the city, streets and alleys and hills and bottoms and more streets and more alleys and the stone of distant walls. Yet she knew that beyond them was open country, farms and fields and forests, and beyond that, north and north and north again, stood Winterfell. â€Å"What are you looking at?† Joffrey said. â€Å"This is what I wanted you to see, right here.† A thick stone parapet protected the outer edge of the rampart, reaching as high as Sansa's chin, with crenellations cut into it every five feet for archers. The heads were mounted between the crenels, along the top of the wall, impaled on iron spikes so they faced out over the city. Sansa had noted them the moment she'd stepped out onto the wallwalk, but the river and the bustling streets and the setting sun were ever so much prettier. He can make me look at the heads, she told herself, but he can't make me see them. â€Å"This one is your father,† he said. â€Å"This one here. Dog, turn it around so she can see him.† Sandor Clegane took the head by the hair and turned it. The severed head had been dipped in tar to preserve it longer. Sansa looked at it calmly, not seeing it at all. It did not really look like Lord Eddard, she thought; it did not even look real. â€Å"How long do I have to look?† Joffrey seemed disappointed. â€Å"Do you want to see the rest?† There was a long row of them. â€Å"If it please Your Grace.† Joffrey marched her down the wallwalk, past a dozen more heads and two empty spikes. â€Å"I'm saving those for my uncle Stannis and my uncle Renly,† he explained. The other heads had been dead and mounted much longer than her father. Despite the tar, most were long past being recognizable. The king pointed to one and said, â€Å"That's your septa there,† but Sansa could not even have told that it was a woman. The jaw had rotted off her face, and birds had eaten one ear and most of a cheek. Sansa had wondered what had happened to Septa Mordane, although she supposed she had known all along. â€Å"Why did you kill her?† she asked. â€Å"She was godsworn . . . â€Å" â€Å"She was a traitor.† Joffrey looked pouty; somehow she was upsetting him. â€Å"You haven't said what you mean to give me for my name day. Maybe I should give you something instead, would you like that?† â€Å"If it please you, my lord,† Sansa said. When he smiled, she knew he was mocking her. â€Å"Your brother is a traitor too, you know.† He turned Septa Mordane's head back around. â€Å"I remember your brother from Winterfell. My dog called him the lord of the wooden sword. Didn't you, dog?† â€Å"Did I?† the Hound replied. â€Å"I don't recall.† Joffrey gave a petulant shrug. â€Å"Your brother defeated my uncle Jaime. My mother says it was treachery and deceit. She wept when she heard. Women are all weak, even her, though she pretends she isn't. She says we need to stay in King's Landing in case my other uncles attack, but I don't care. After my name day feast, I'm going to raise a host and kill your brother myself. That's what I'll give you, Lady Sansa. Your brother's head.† A kind of madness took over her then, and she heard herself say, â€Å"Maybe my brother will give me your head.† Joffrey scowled. â€Å"You must never mock me like that. A true wife does not mock her lord. Ser Meryn, teach her.† This time the knight grasped her beneath the jaw and held her head still as he struck her. He hit her twice, left to right, and harder, right to left. Her lip split and blood ran down her chin, to mingle with the salt of her tears. â€Å"You shouldn't be crying all the time,† Joffrey told her. â€Å"You're more pretty when you smile and laugh.† Sansa made herself smile, afraid that he would have Ser Meryn hit her again if she did not, but it was no good, the king still shook his head. â€Å"Wipe off the blood, you're all messy.† The outer parapet came up to her chin, but along the inner edge of the walk was nothing, nothing but a long plunge to the bailey seventy or eighty feet below. All it would take was a shove, she told herself. He was standing right there, right there, smirking at her with those fat wormlips. You could do it, she told herself. You could. Do it right now. It wouldn't even matter if she went over with him. It wouldn't matter at all. â€Å"Here, girl.† Sandor Clegane knelt before her, between her and Joffrey. With a delicacy surprising in such a big man, he dabbed at the blood welling from her broken lip. The moment was gone. Sansa lowered her eyes. â€Å"Thank you,† she said when he was done. She was a good girl, and always remembered her courtesies.