Getting optimum location of movable shading for a parked car Essay Example

Getting optimum location of movable shading for a parked car Essay Chapter ONE Introduction 1. Introduction The auto is one of the major transit that is used by human day-to-day. Harmonizing to the study by Plunkett Research, there were 806 million autos and light trucks on the route in 2007. After we use our auto, we need to park our auto someplace that is auto park in close country or unfastened infinite auto park. Majority of the auto will be parked park under the Sun. As a consequence, the auto will be heated up by the Sun. From the base on balls experiment carried out by Syamal bin Mohd ( 2004 ) , the maximal temperature recorded was 61AÂ °C. This temperature could easy kill a kid or pets when left inside the auto. For working people, usually they will park their auto for at least 8 hr from forenoon to eventide. So, their auto will be heated during this long hr. When they enter their auto subsequently on, they will be uncomfortable due to the deficiency of thermic comfort. Thermal comfort is the motive of human to happen certain clime state of affairs that can allow them experience pleasance ( 1 ) . Hence, auto proprietor use several ways to cut down the heat in auto compartment such as tinted the Windowss broad screen with movie or coating, shadowing devices, replaced the Windowss with photo-gray dark glassess or parked their auto under shaded country. 1.1. Problem statement We will write a custom essay sample on Getting optimum location of movable shading for a parked car specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Getting optimum location of movable shading for a parked car specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Getting optimum location of movable shading for a parked car specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Malaysia is a really hot state with an mean temperature of 32-33 AÂ °C ( 2 ) . For a auto parked under the Sun, the auto internal temperature will raise up to 61 AÂ °C as recorded by Syamal bin Mohd in 2004. Babies and immature kids in such an environmental will rapidly go dehydrated and acquire heat shot and encephalon amendss within few hours. So it is highly unsafe to go forth baby, kids, handicapped people, aged or pets in parked auto. The figure of decease of kids left in autos due to inordinate heat from 1998-2009 in the United States is 441 ( 3 ) .In Malaysia, a small miss who is left in auto dice due to utmost temperature and deficiency of airing ( 4 ) . 1.2. Aim The aim of this undertaking is to acquire the optimal location of movable shadowing for a parked auto. 1.3. Scope and restriction This undertaking will be carried out in University Putra Malaysia by utilizing merely one type of auto that is Proton Saga 1.3 L. Merely one type of the movable shading devices will be used excessively. The experiment will be run during January and February of 2010. 1.4. Undertaking outlook Through the terminal of the undertaking, we will cognize the optimal manner of seting the shading devices. So, this will assist the auto proprietor to cut down the auto temperature. Chapter TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. Heat As a consequence of the temperatures different between one organic structure and another organic structure, the signifier of energy which is transferred between them is called heat. Heat will ever reassign from higher temperature to take down temperature until both temperatures are equal. When the temperatures are equal between both organic structures, no heat transportation will take topographic points. Therefore, heat is merely ephemeral energy as it appears during the procedure. It is mentioned when it cross boundary between two different temperatures objects. The flow of heat energy will do an addition of internal energy in a organic structure and lessening of internal energy. The internal energy mentioned is non heat. The unit for heat in the International System of Units SI ( SI unit ) is joule ( J ) , while the United States still uses British Thermal Unit and the Calorie. ( 5 ) 2.1. Temperature In a general affair, temperature is a measuring of hot and cold. Something that feels cold has lowers temperature and frailty versa. From the position of natural philosophies, temperature is the value of the mean dynamicss energy of the atoms in an object or systems ( 6 ) . The unit for temperatures in SI unit is Kelvin ( K ) . The temperature is measured by thermometer. 2.1.1. Kelvin graduated table The temperature of the Kelvin graduated table starts from 0 K, a point where all the gesture of molecular virtually stops. The point is called absolute nothing which besides equal to -273 AÂ °C 2.1.2. Celsius graduated table It takes the temperatures of freeze and boiling point of H2O as mentions. 1 AÂ °C equal to 1/100 difference between the freeze and boiling s temperatures of H2O at 1 standard pressure. 2.2. Heat transportation Heat transportation is the thermic energy in theodolite due to a temperature different between objects. An object or fluid which at different temperature with the surrounding, the transportation of thermic energy will happen between that object or fluid with the environing until thermic equilibrium is reached. The heat transportation procedure is called manners ( 7 ) 2.2.1. Manners of heat transportation The manners of heat transportation include conductivity, convection and radiation. 2.2.1.1. Conduction Conduction refer to the heat transportation that occur across a stationary medium which temperature gradient exists in it. It can be showed in the figure 1 below. The atoms with higher temperature will be more energetic due to its higher molecular energy. The transportation of energy from more energetic atom to less energetic atoms of substances is called conductivity. From figure one, the energy transportation by conductivity will be from left to compensate, that is way of diminishing temperature. ( 7 ) Conduction takes topographic points in all signifiers of affair that are solids, liquids, gases and plasmas. In solid, the conductivity is due to the quiver of atom in lattice and the translational gesture of the free atoms. In gases and liquid, the conductivity is due to the diffusion of energy during the random gesture of molecules. When the molecules collide among themselves, a transportation of energy from higher energy molecules to take down energy molecules will happen. 2.2.1.2. Convection Convection heat transportation is the heat transportation procedure by the flow of fluid. It consist of 2 mechanisms that is random molecular gesture ( diffusion ) and majority or microscopic gesture of the fluid. This is because in the fluid, big figure of molecules will travel jointly while maintain their random gesture. The motion of the fluid is caused by the different in denseness ensuing from the temperature different between them. ( 7 ) There are few types of convection and we categorized it by the nature of the flow. Forced convection happened when the flow is caused by the external force such as fan or pump. For illustration fans are used to chill electronic devices as shown in Figure 2. For free convection, the flow is caused by the perkiness forces. The perkiness force is due to the different of denseness as a consequence of temperature fluctuation in fluid. For illustration in the ambiance, the land is really hot comparison to the sky. So the air near the surface of the land will increase in temperature and decrease in denseness. Since it is lighter to the environing air, perkiness force induces a perpendicular gesture for which warm air go uping and is replaced by ice chest air ( Figure 3 ) . The transportation of heat between solid surface and liquid or gas consists of conductivity and convection. When the motion of the gas or liquid is really large, the heat transportation by conductivity is comparatively really little comparison to convection. Heat is transferred by conductivity through a thin movie on the surface of the fluid. 2.2.1.3. Radiation Matter will breathe energy in the signifier of thermic radiation except in zero temperature. The emanation is due to the alterations in negatron constellations of the component atoms or molecules. Electromagnetic moving ridges will transport the energy of the radiation field. Unlike the conductivity and convection, radiation does non necessitate a medium to reassign energy. It can go through through vacuity ( 7 ) . For illustration, the energy from the Sun travels in the signifier of radiation to heat the Earth during the twenty-four hours ( Figure 4 ) . The radiation include infrared, seeable scope of electromagnetic part and UV. The affair with higher temperature will breathe more energy than the lower. So if 2 organic structures with different temperature topographic point together, their radiation will stop and the organic structure with lower energy will have more energy than the higher temperature organic structure. So, its internal energy will increase while another organic structure decreases. The energy transportations from higher temperature organic structure to take down temperature organic structure due to their temperature different. ( 5 ) 2.3. Heat transmittal into auto Car is like a thermic system. Heat flow from the Sun invariably in and out the auto. There are several manner of heat transmitted into auto there include conductivity of auto organic structure, heat from engine or other devices in auto, hot air from ambient and the solar radiation. The temperature rise in a parked auto is due to the green house consequence. This is because the solar radiation that enters the auto through the glass windows is partly trapped in the auto compartment. ( 11 ) 2.4. Reduce heat in auto The auto gets heat largely due to the solar radiation. So, to cut down the heat into the vehicle, there are some strategic available. 2.4.1. Film or surfacing A movie is applied onto the widescreen and Windowss and its call shade. Tinting movie is normally made out of clear polyester movie with a really thin and even layer of tincting agent such as dyes. The features on how seeable light come into auto alterations after the tinting movie applied to the window. Normal Windowss reflect 5 % of seeable visible radiation ( VLR % ) and absorb 5 % of it ( VLA % ) . So 90 % of visible radiation ( VLT % ) transmit into the auto. ( 12 ) There are many type of the tinted house available and their VLR % , VLA % and VLT % are different. Yet normally VLT % is referred as it state you how much seeable light allow to travel into the auto. Beside, tinted movie can barricade UV and infrared which will heat auto excessively. 2.4.2. Photo-gray Windowss Photo-gray Windowss are used to replace normal Windowss. From inside the auto, the photo-gray Windowss are every bit clear as normal Windowss. Form outside, the colour changes depends on the sum of incident beams. The stronger the UV, the darker the colour. 2.4.3. Force airing Forced convection is done by this method. The hot air in the auto is suck out from the auto and replace with lower temperature of air from the exterior. The force airing can cut down the temperature up to 20 AÂ °C and merely 5 AÂ °C of temperature increased ( 13 ) . The force airing device sometimes is powered by solar energy. 2.4.4. Shadowing devices There are 2 types of shadowing devices there are internal or external shading devices. Shadowing device is the most common method used by the auto proprietor to cut down the heat goes into auto. It can barricade the UV and Sun visible radiation. 2.5. Thermal comfort Thermal comfort of rider is one of the major concerns in the development of the car. A batch of criterions have been implement and some in the bill of exchange phase. The current criterions related to human thermic comfort in general environment are ISO 7730:1994 and ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2004. The definition by ASHRAE Standard 55 on thermic comfort is: That status of head which express satisfaction with the thermic environment ( 16 ) Besides that, ISO 7730:1994 is giving the same definition of thermic comfort. Yet, to specify the thermic comfort is really difficult as we need to take history into a scope of environmental and personal factor when make up ones minding what make people experience uncomfortable. These factors are known as Human thermic environmental . ( 17 ) Condition of thermic comfort influence by many factors such as air temperatures, air speed, humidness, nonuniformity of the thermic environment ( perpendicular temperature different, beaming temperature dissymmetry and etc ) and thermic opposition of the vesture ( 18 ) . Thermal comfort is of import as it can impact our overall morale. Bad thermic comfort environment will do people refuse to work or the worst instance is acquire ill edifice symptoms ( 17 ) . In vehicle, it is show that the thermic uncomfortableness merely after come ining the vehicle which parked under sunshine is due to the terrible ambient temperature. ( 19 ) 2.6. Thermocouple thermometer A thermocouple is a temperature detector which is easy to utilize and obtained. It widely used in scientific discipline and industry. It is a junction between two different metals and produces a electromotive force related to a temperature difference. The hotter the temperature, the higher the electromotive force. Two metal generate electromotive force is known as Seebeck consequence. Seebeck consequence tells thermoelectric phenomena by which temperature differences between two dissimilar metals in a circuit converts into an electric current. Thermocouple physique by a broad assortment of metals such as Fe, Ni, chromel, Eureka, Cu and wolfram. It is identified by a capital missive on them. For illustration type K thermocouple, type C thermocouple and type N thermocouple. Figure 9 show a k-type thermocouple stopper into a multimeter to expose room temperature. ( 20 ) 2.7. Previous survey on auto compartment temperature survey There have been few surveies of auto compartment temperature by several research workers. King et Al ( 21 ) discovered that 75 % of the maximal temperature rise occurred within 5 proceedingss of shutting Windowss in an ambient temperature of 36.8 AÂ °C. It will make maximal temperature within 15 proceedingss to 67 AÂ °C and remain at that place until the door and Windowss opened. The consequence on the temperature rise and maximal temperature was minimum even though 20 centimeter of Windowss was opened. This determination is similar to Robert and Roberts ( 22 ) . Jan Null et Al ( 23 ) found that irrespective the outside ambient temperature, the rate of temperature rise inside the vehicle was non important different. During the 1st 30 proceedingss, the mean temperature addition in a rate of 3.2 AÂ °F per 5 proceedingss interval and 80 % of the temperature rise occurred. They found that the get downing ambient temperature will impact the concluding temperature of vehicle. With the coolest ambient temperature, 72 AÂ °F, the internal temperature of vehicle rose to 117AÂ °F. In short, for get downing ambient temperature 72 to 96AÂ °F, the internal temperature rose 40AÂ °F mean. With Windowss opened 1.5 inches, the rate of temperature rise in vehicles did non diminish significantly. ( Close Windowss: 3.4AÂ °F per 5 proceedingss, opened Windowss 3.2AÂ °F per 5 proceedingss. The decision from their studied, the temperature rose in vehicle was important in clear, cheery twenty-four hours even the ambient temperature was comparatively cold, go f orthing the Windowss somewhat opened have no important consequence in decelerating down the warming procedure or maximal internal temperature and bulk of the temperature rose happening within 15-30 proceedingss. There is a spread between clip taken to make maximal internal temperature between Jan Null et Al and Robert and Roberts.. Surpure J.S. found that auto internal temperature was different in different state of affairs. For big auto which parked in direct Sun, the highest temperature recorded was 65 AÂ °C while for little auto is 78 AÂ °C. For auto parked in shadiness, the highest temperature was merely 44 AÂ °C. He found that enormous heat built up in the auto parked under direct Sun visible radiation than the auto parked in shadiness. He found that the little auto heated rapidly than the big auto. In short, he concluded heat load of ill ventilated, parked autos exposed to direct sunshine can be tremendous. ( 24 ) Chapter 3 Methodology 3. Methodology 3.1. Overview A sum-up of the measure by measure research process is as shown in figure. Before planing experiment, several studied on old work are done. The sum-up of the surveies were written in the literature reappraisal. The experiment is decently planned and designed, so that the experiment can be carried out consistently. Next all the experiment stuffs and equipments are prepared. After that, the experiment is conducted on cheery yearss harmonizing to the process that planned. The temperatures in the auto are measured by the Type-K thermocouple wires and recorded by Datataker DT80. Finally, the collected informations are analyzed from the technology point of view. 3.2. Design of experiment The experiment is decently design after reexamining all the related paper. The design of the experiment includes: A. The choice of the shading device B. The clip to carried out the experiment C. The measurement technique D. The equipment to mensurate the temperature E. The location of the shading device 3.3. Preparation of stuffs, equipments and mensurating devices 3.3.1. Preparation of stuffs The stuff was prepared as follow: A. Ice B. Water 3.3.2. Preparation of equipment The equipments were prepared as follow: A. Shading device ( broad screen ) B. Shading device ( rear ) C. Iron wire D. Raffia twine E. Brick F. Proton Saga 1.3L Ag coloring material 3.3.3. Preparation of mensurating devices The devices that used to mensurate and enter the temperature will be Type K thermocouple wire and Datataker DT80 ( Figure 21 ) . Datataker DT 80 is smart informations lumberman that provides an extended array of characteristics that allow it to be used across a broad assortment of application such as record the temperature. It is robust, stand entirely, low power informations logger having USB memory stick support. ( 25 ) The Datataker and its component kit as shown in figure. The instruments kit of Datataker DT80 comprised: A. Data lumberman ( DT80 shown in figure ) B. Plug battalion power supply C. USB communications overseas telegram D. Resource Cadmium E. Power terminal block with battery nexus F. Double ended prison guard driver G. Terminal label clear screen ( non shown ) To utilize this Datataker DT80 to mensurate temperature, thermocouple wires were plugged into it. In this experiment, type-K thermocouple wires were used. Dataker DT80 has a front panel to expose some information. The show provides information about informations lumberman position, channel informations, dismaies and shop operation. In add-on the show will bespeak conditions that require attending and USB memory device position. By snaping the up and down button, clip, battery position and temperature of each channel can be checked. Several stairss were completed before the DT 80 was used to enter the temperature. The stairss included: A. Data lumberman was connected to power supply through the power doodly-squat. B. The battery was charged by linking the terminal block with battery nexus into the power terminus C. USB communications overseas telegram was connected to the lumberman and computing machine D. Resource CD of DT8X series was inserted into CD-ROM. E. Driver and DeLogger 5 package were installed into computing machine. F. DT 80 was programmed by utilizing the Delogger 5 package. G. DT 80 was ready to enter temperature. 3.4. Conduct the experiment A proton saga 1.3L Ag colour was used. The auto was parked at an unfastened infinite which no any obstruction that can barricade the Sun rays penetrate into the auto. The auto was parked under the Sun from 12.00pm-1.30pm confronting the North. The information will be taken every 10s. Type-K thermocouple was used as detector to mensurate the temperature. The thermocouple wires were put as below: A. Outside the auto B. Under the auto C. Car bole D. Car compartment Inside the auto compartment, the thermocouple wires were set up as shown in figure with 50cm from the roof. The black point is the location of the detector. The auto has 6 Windowss that is front widescreen ( a ) , back widescreen ( B ) , front left widows ( degree Celsius ) , back left Windowss ( vitamin D ) , front right window ( vitamin E ) and back right widows ( degree Fahrenheit ) .This shown in Figure 14. The shading devices are placed inside or outside the Windowss with different combination as shown in table 1. Temperatures for each combination were recorded. Table 1: Location of shadowing devices No of experiment Location of shadowing devices a B degree Celsiuss vitamin D vitamin E degree Fahrenheit 1 2 / I 3 / I 4 / O 5 / O 6 / I / I 7 / O / O 8 / I / O 9 / O / I * / I with shadowing device inside the auto / O with shadowing device outside the auto without shadowing devices 3.5. Analysis of the informations The informations obtained were analyzed. Result of different location of shadowing devices for a parked auto were compared. All the informations were tabulated or presented in graphical signifier. Mentions 1. Calculation of thermic comfort inside a rider auto compartment. A.Merzrhab, M. Bouzidi. 2005. 2. BBC Weather. BBC. [ Online ] [ Cited: 10 06, 2009. ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml? tt=TT002590. 3. Hyperthermia Deaths of Children in Vehicles. Null, Jan. 2009. 4. kid suffocates in pa s locked auto. 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